Introduction
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This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a compiler design course, including: - The major parts of a compiler are the analysis and synthesis phases. Analysis includes lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis to create an intermediate representation. Synthesis generates target code from the intermediate representation. - Parsing techniques include top-down parsing like LL parsing and bottom-up parsing like LR parsing to create a parse tree from a context-free grammar. - Semantic analysis performs type checking and collects symbol table information. Intermediate code generation outputs machine-independent code that is optimized and input to code generation.
Introduction
- 1. TCS 502 Compiler Designp g CS416 Compiler Design 1P K Singh
- 2. Course Information Textbook: Alfred V Aho Ravi Sethi and Jeffrey D UllmanAlfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman, “Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools” Addison-Wesley, 1986.Addison Wesley, 1986. • Course Web Page: http://pksmmmec.googlepages.com CS416 Compiler Design 2P K Singh
- 3. Preliminaries Required • Basic knowledge of programming languages. • Basic knowledge of FSA and CFGBasic knowledge of FSA and CFG. • Knowledge of a high programming language for the programming assignments. CS416 Compiler Design 3P K Singh
- 4. Course Outline • Introduction to Compiling • Lexical Analysisy • Syntax Analysis – Context Free GrammarsContext Free Grammars – Top-Down Parsing, LL Parsing – Bottom-Up Parsing, LR Parsingp g g CS416 Compiler Design 4P K Singh
- 5. Course Outline • Syntax-Directed Translation – Attribute Definitions – Evaluation of Attribute Definitions • Semantic Analysis, Type Checking • Run-Time Organization • Intermediate Code GenerationIntermediate Code Generation • Code Optimization P K Singh CS416 Compiler Design 5
- 6. COMPILERS • A compiler is a program takes a program written in a source language and translates it into an equivalent program in a targetg g q p g g language. source program COMPILER target program ( ll i i ( ll h i l i error messages ( Normally a program written in a high-level programming language) ( Normally the equivalent program in machine code – relocatable object file) error messages CS416 Compiler Design 6P K Singh
- 7. Major Parts of Compilers • There are two major parts of a compiler: Analysis and SynthesisSynthesis • In analysis phase an intermediate representation is• In analysis phase, an intermediate representation is created from the given source program. – Lexical Analyzer, Syntax Analyzer and Semantic Analyzer are the parts ofy y y y p this phase. • In synthesis phase, the equivalent target program is t d f thi i t di t t ticreated from this intermediate representation. – Intermediate Code Generator, Code Generator, and Code Optimizer are the parts of this phase. CS416 Compiler Design 7P K Singh
- 8. Phases of A Compiler Lexical Analyzer Semantic Analyzer Syntax Analyzer Intermediate Code Generator Code Optimizer Code Generator Target Program Source Program • Each phase transforms the source program from one representationp p g p into another representation. • They communicate with error handlers• They communicate with error handlers. • They communicate with the symbol table. CS416 Compiler Design 8P K Singh
- 9. Lexical Analyzer • Lexical Analyzer reads the source program character by character and returns the tokens of the source program. • A token describes a pattern of characters having same meaning in the source program. (such as identifiers, operators, keywords, numbers, delimeters and so on), ) Ex: newval := oldval + 12 => tokens: newval identifier := assignment operator oldval identifier + add operator 12 a number • Puts information about identifiers into the symbol table.u s o a o abou de e s o e sy bo ab e • Regular expressions are used to describe tokens (lexical constructs). A (Deterministic) Finite State Automaton can be used in the CS416 Compiler Design 9 • A (Deterministic) Finite State Automaton can be used in the implementation of a lexical analyzer. P K Singh
- 10. Syntax Analyzer • A Syntax Analyzer creates the syntactic structure (generally a parse tree) of the given program.p ) g p g • A syntax analyzer is also called as a parser. • A parse tree describes a syntactic structure. assgstmt identifier := expression • In a parse tree, all terminals are at leaves. newval expression + expression id tifi b p , • All inner nodes are non-terminals in a context free grammar. identifier number oldval 12 CS416 Compiler Design 10P K Singh
- 11. Syntax Analyzer (CFG) • The syntax of a language is specified by a context free grammar (CFG).g ( ) • The rules in a CFG are mostly recursive. • A syntax analyzer checks whether a given program satisfies the rules implied by a CFG or not. – If it satisfies, the syntax analyzer creates a parse tree for the given program. • Ex: We use BNF (Backus Naur Form) to specify a CFG assgstmt -> identifier := expression expression -> identifier expression -> number expression -> expression + expression CS416 Compiler Design 11P K Singh
- 12. Syntax Analyzer versus Lexical Analyzer • Which constructs of a program should be recognized by the lexical analyzer, and which ones by the syntax analyzer?y , y y y – Both of them do similar things; But the lexical analyzer deals with simple non- recursive constructs of the language. – The syntax analyzer deals with recursive constructs of the language. – The lexical analyzer simplifies the job of the syntax analyzer. – The lexical analyzer recognizes the smallest meaningful units (tokens) in a source program. – The syntax analyzer works on the smallest meaningful units (tokens) in a source program to recognize meaningful structures in our programming language. CS416 Compiler Design 12P K Singh
- 13. Parsing Techniques • Depending on how the parse tree is created, there are different parsing techniques. These parsing techniques are categorized into two groups:• These parsing techniques are categorized into two groups: – Top-Down Parsing, – Bottom-Up Parsingp g • Top-Down Parsing: – Construction of the parse tree starts at the root, and proceeds towards the leaves. – Efficient top-down parsers can be easily constructed by hand.Efficient top down parsers can be easily constructed by hand. – Recursive Predictive Parsing, Non-Recursive Predictive Parsing (LL Parsing). • Bottom-Up Parsing: – Construction of the parse tree starts at the leaves and proceeds towards the rootConstruction of the parse tree starts at the leaves, and proceeds towards the root. – Normally efficient bottom-up parsers are created with the help of some software tools. – Bottom-up parsing is also known as shift-reduce parsing. CS416 Compiler Design 13 – Operator-Precedence Parsing – simple, restrictive, easy to implement – LR Parsing – much general form of shift-reduce parsing, LR, SLR, LALR P K Singh
- 14. Semantic Analyzer • A semantic analyzer checks the source program for semantic errors and collects the type information for the code generation.yp g • Type-checking is an important part of semantic analyzer. • Normally semantic information cannot be represented by a context-free language used in syntax analyzers. • Context-free grammars used in the syntax analysis are integrated with attributes (semantic rules)with attributes (semantic rules) – the result is a syntax-directed translation, – Attribute grammars E• Ex: newval := oldval + 12 Th t f th id tifi l t t h ith t f th i ( ld l 12) CS416 Compiler Design 14 • The type of the identifier newval must match with type of the expression (oldval+12) P K Singh
- 15. Intermediate Code Generation • A compiler may produce an explicit intermediate codes representing the source program.p g p g • These intermediate codes are generally machine (architecture independent). But the level of intermediate codes is close to the le el of machine codeslevel of machine codes. • Ex: newval := oldval * fact + 1 id1 := id2 * id3 + 1 MULT id2,id3,temp1 Intermediates Codes (Quadraples) ADD temp1,#1,temp2 MOV temp2,,id1 CS416 Compiler Design 15 p ,, P K Singh
- 16. Code Optimizer (for Intermediate Code Generator) • The code optimizer optimizes the code produced by the intermediate code generator in the terms of time and space.g p • Ex: MULT id2,id3,temp1 ADD temp1,#1,id1ADD temp1,#1,id1 CS416 Compiler Design 16P K Singh
- 17. Code Generator • Produces the target language in a specific architecture. • The target program is normally is a relocatable object fileThe target program is normally is a relocatable object file containing the machine codes. • Ex: ( assume that we have an architecture with instructions whose at least one of its operands isis a machine register) MOVE id2 R1MOVE id2,R1 MULT id3,R1 ADD #1,R1 MOVE R1 id1 CS416 Compiler Design 17 MOVE R1,id1 P K Singh