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Introduction-adolescence-adolescent-health-WHO-2012 (1).pdf
- 1. Introduction to adolescence& to adolescent health Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva 2012
- 2. Topics 1. The meaningof adolescence 2. The health problems that adolescents face 3. What adolescents need to grow & develop in good health 4. Who needs to meet the needs & fulfil the rights of adolescents 5. Why we should invest in the health & development of adolescents 6. Frameworks for addressing the health & development of adolescents
- 3. 1. What dowe mean by the term 'adolescents ' ?
- 4. The second decade: Nolonger children, not yet adults ! Adolescents 10 - 19 years Youth 15-24 years Young people 10-24 years Source: A picture of health? A review and annotated bibliography of the health of young people in developing countries (WHO, UNICEF, 1995).
- 5. Adolescents are adiverse population group Different needs Changing needs
- 6. What is specialabout adolescence ? (What makes it different from childhood & adulthood ?) • A time of rapid physical and psychological (cognitive and emotional) growth and development. • A time in which new capacities are developed. • A time of changing social relationships, expectations, roles and responsibilities.
- 7. 2. What dowe mean by the term 'health' ?
- 8. “Health is astate of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Source: Constitution of the World Health Organization, 1948.
- 9. 3. What arethe main health problems of adolescents ?
- 10. Many adolescents movefrom childhood through adolescence into adulthood in good health.
- 11. Key health problemsin adolescence. Sexual & reproductive health -Too early pregnancy • risks to mother • risks to baby - Health problems during pregnancy & child birth (including unsafe abortion) -Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV -Harmful traditional practices e.g. female genital mutilation -Sexual coercion Source: United Nations. World Youth Report 2005. Young people today, and in 2015. United Nations. 2005. ISBN 92-1-130244-7. Other issues - Injuries from accidents & intentional violence - Mental health problems - Substance use problems - Endemic diseases: malaria, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis - Under/over-nutrition
- 12. 4. What doadolescents need to grow & develop in good health ?
- 13. What adolescents need &why? • Information & skills (they are still developing) • Safe & supportive environment (they live in an adult world) • Health & counselling services (they need a safety net)
- 14. 5. Who needsto contribute to meeting these needs & fulfilling these rights ?
- 15. Politicians Journalists Bureaucrats Relatives Friends Family friends Teachers Sports coaches Healthcareproviders Religious leaders Traditional leaders Parents Brothers/Sisters Adolescents Musicians Film stars Sports figures
- 16. 6. Why shouldwe invest in the health and development of adolescents ?
- 17. • Demographic rationale •Public health rationale • Economic rationale • Human rights rationale
- 18. • One infive individuals in the world is an adolescent, aged 10-19 years. • Most adolescents live in developing countries. • In these countries, they represent up to a fourth of the population. Demographic rationale – 1/2 Source: Youth & health risks. Report to the World Health Assembly, 2011.
- 19. Every year about1.4million deaths occur in adolescents. Most of these deaths occur in low & middle income countries Death rates vary by region & sex Death rates rise sharply from early adolescence (10-14) to young adulthood (20-24) Leading causes of death vary by sex and by region. Public Health Rationale 1/4 Mortality Source: Youth & health risks. Report to the World Health Assembly, 2011.
- 20. Tens of millionsof adolescent s face health problems • In 11 countries (out of 64 with available data), a quarter of the adolescent girls are underweight. • In 21 countries (out of 41 countries with available data), a third of adolescent girls are anaemic • Globally, about 2.2 million adolescents are living with HIV • Between 40-70% ever-married girls aged 15- 19 reported that they experienced emotional, physical or sexual violence by their current or most recent husband or partner. Public Health Rationale 2/4 Morbidity Source: UNICEF. Progress for children. A report card for adolescents. 2012.
- 21. Hundreds of millionsof adolescents adopt unhealthy habits that will lead to disease and death in later life •Unprotected sex •Physical inactivity •Use of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drugs Public Health Rationale 3/4 Behaviours Source: Youth and Health Risks. Report to the World Health Assembly. 2011.
- 22. Health problems / health-related behaviours during adolescence Age whenthis has its major impact Adolescence Adulthood Childhood (next generation) Injuries and violence +++ + Too-early pregnancy ++ + ++ Human Papilloma Virus infection + +++ Tobacco use + +++ + HIV infection + +++ ++ Public health rationale – 4/4 sound reasons for investment for this generation
- 23. 1. The benefitsof investing in adolescents 2. The cost of not investing in adolescents Economic rationale – 1/4
- 24. Economic rationale – 2/4 Theneed to make full use of the demographic dividend when one can.
- 25. Economic rationale –3/4 The need to act before the demographic transition closes doors.
- 26. Economic rationale -4/4 Socio-economic deprivation: a cause & consequence of adolescent pregnancy Too early pregnancy Loss of educational & employment opportunities Poverty " We young women are not prepared to become mothers. I would like to continue my studies. But since I have had my daughter, my options have changed because I have many more obligations now." Eylin 19, Honduras January 2006. Source: World Development Report 2006 (World Bank, 2006.)
- 27. Convention on therights of the child • Article 24: The right to the highest level of health possible & to access the required health services • Article 17: The right to access appropriate information from the media & to be protected from harmful information • Article 13: The right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds Choices: A guide for young people Gill Gordon, 1999. Human rights rationale -1/2
- 28. Human rights rationale– 2/2 For many adolescents the world is in fact 'flat': • Greater access to education • Greater access to information about the world • Greater ability to make personal & professional choices For many other adolescents, the reality is very different
- 29. 6. Frameworks foraddressing the health and development of adolescents
- 30. First lens: Broadeningopportunities for young people to develop skills and use them productively. Second lens: Helping them acquire the capabilities to make good decisions in pursuing those opportunities Third lens: Offering them second chances to recover from bad decisions, either by them or by others. World Bank framework: Youth transitions seen through three lenses Source: World Bank. World Development Report 2007. Development and the next generation. World Bank. Washington, USA. 2007.
- 31. WHO: Delineating &strengthening the contribution of the health sector S Strengthening & supporting other sectors S Services & commodities S Strategic information S Supportive evidence-informed policies WHO. Strengthening the health sector response to adolescent health & development. WHO. Geneva. 2009.
- 32. UNFPA framework foraction on adolescents & youth 1. Supportive policy making that applies the lens of population structure & poverty dynamics analyses 2. Gender & life-skills based sexual & reproductive health education 3. Sexual & reproductive health services 4. Young people's leadership and participation Source: UNFPA framework for action on adolescents and youth. Opening doors with 4 keys. UNFPA. New York, USA. Undated.