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Introduction to cancer biology nerdy scientists
- 1. Introduction to Cancer Biology By SyedTazib Rahaman Team Nerdy Scientists
- 12. Initiation is thecreation by genotoxic carcinogens of a cell with abnormal DNA. After initiation, promoters stimulate the replication of these neoplastic cells and facilitate the development of the tumour.
- 18. Tumor promoters aresubstances that accelerate cell turnover so that genetically damaged cells multiply more rapidly and have greater likelihood of acquiring additional mutations needed for malignant transformation. An enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. Gene amplification is an increase in the number of copies of a gene without a proportional increase in other genes. This can result from duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene through errors in DNA replication and repair machinery as well as through fortuitous capture by selfish genetic elements. Point mutation is a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.
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- 43. C-myc: Master Regulatorof Cell Cycle Entry and Proliferative Metabolism
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- 46. COVID-19 & CANCER •As the new coronavirus, called COVID-19, continues to spread across the world, it has many experts trying to determine how it affects patients with cancer. • The patient population consisted of mostly men (60.7%) who were a median age of 65 years old. Lung cancer was the most frequently seen diagnosis in 25% of patients, followed by esophageal (14.3%) and breast (10.7%) cancer, and 35.7% of patients had stage 4 disease. In addition, 39.2% of patients had at least one or more coexisting chronic diseases. • The researchers learned that eight patients (28.6%) developed COVID-19 while undergoing therapy in the hospital and 20 (71.4%) contracted the virus from their communities — most (67.9%) were from Hankou, the starting point of the outbreak. Within two weeks of a COVID-19 diagnosis, 21.4% of patients received at least one type of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy (10.7%), targeted therapy (7.1%), radiotherapy (3.6%) or immunotherapy (3.6%), and one patient received combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy. • Upon admission, more than 80% of patients experienced fever, dry cough, abnormally low levels of lymphocytes in the blood and high levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, which measures levels of inflammation in the body. Nearly 90% of patients showed hypoproteinemia, a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood. Three quarters of the population had trouble breathing and half showed signs of anemia.
- 47. • Patients withcancer are particularly susceptible to respiratory pathogens and severe pneumonia because they are at an immunosuppressive state due to malignancy and anti-tumor therapy,” the researchers wrote. “It was found that within 14 days, anti-tumor therapies were significantly associated with occurrence of severe clinical events in COVID-19 infection.” • They recommended the following for patients with cancer who are undergoing therapy: vigorous screening for COVID-19 infection, avoiding treatments that cause immunosuppression or having dosages decreased in case of COVID-19 co-infection.
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