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Introduction to clinical pharmacy & toxicology
- 1. On Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy& Toxicology
- 2. Presented by- 1. AsrafulIslam Rayhan 2.Md. Shafiul Islam 3.Md. Arman Ahmed 4.Md. Suhin Hossain 5. Mohammud Ali Dept . Of pharmacy, JESSORE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY.
- 3. Clinical pharmacy maybe defined as the science and practice of rationale use of medications, where the pharmacists are more oriented towards the patient care rationalizing medication therapy promoting health, wellness of people. It is the modern and extended field of pharmacy.
- 4.
- 5. Clinical pharmacists often workin collaboration with physicians, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals.
- 6. Clinical pharmacy Maximize patient`s compliance Assist physician & medical staff Maximize clinicaleffect of medicine Minimize risk of adverse effect Objective of clinical pharmacy
- 8. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHARMACY& CLINICAL PHARMACY The discipline of pharmacy embraces the knowledge on synthesis, chemistry and preparation of drugs Clinical pharmacy is more oriented to the analysis of population needs with regards to medicines, ways of administration, patterns of use ,drugs effects on the Patients, ‘the overall drug therapy management’.
- 9. Roles of aclinical pharmacist When the drug is not yet in hospital formulary. Before prescribing the medications. After prescribing the medication (Drug use evaluation).
- 10. Patient counseling & education. Takepatients history. Medication reconciliation. Patients follow up.
- 11. Ambulatory care Critical care Drug Information Geriatrics and long –term care Internal medicine and subspecialties Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Infectious disease Neurology Clinical Pharmacy Practice Areas
- 12. Investigational Drugs Pharmacoeconomics Nephrology Obstetrics and gynecology Pulmonary disease Psychiatry Rheumatology Nuclear pharmacy Pediatrics Pharmacokinetics Surgery Nutrition Support ADR/DUE Transplant Cont….
- 13. Clinical pharmacy activitiesmay influence the correct use of medicines at three different levels: 1) before the prescription is written. 2) during the prescription is written. 3) after the prescription is written. Level of Action of Clinical Pharmacists
- 14.
- 15. Counseling activity. Clinical pharmacists can influence the attitudes and priorities of prescribers in their choice of correct treatments. The clinical pharmacist monitors, detects and prevents Medication related problems. The clinical pharmacist pays special attention to the dosage of drugs. Which need therapeutic monitoring. Community pharmacists can also make prescription decisions directly, when over the counter drugs are counseled.
- 16. Medication-related Problems Untreatedindications. Improper drug selection. Sub therapeutic dosage. Medication Failure to receive Medication Over dosage. Adverse drug reactions. Drug interactions. Medication use without indication.
- 17. • Counseling • Preparationof personalized formulation • Drug use evaluation • Outcome research • Pharmacoeconomic studies
- 18. Clinical pharmacokinetics Clinical pharmacokineticsis the process of applying pharmacokinetic principles to determine the dosage regimens of specific drug products for specific patients to maximize pharmacotherapeutic effects and minimize toxic effects.
- 19.
- 20. Toxicology isthe scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organism due to chemicals. It involves observing & reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection & treatment of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of human.
- 21.
- 27. Toxic plant &fungi
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- 32. Forensic Toxicology isthe study of the chemical and physical properties of toxic substances and their physiological effect on living organisms Forensic toxicology deals with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on human beings Clinical toxicology deals with diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning Analytical toxicology deals with the detection,identification & quantification Branches of toxicology
- 33. When thegiven dose is too high or the kidneys or liver are unable to remove the drug from the bloodstreams, allowing it to accumulate in the body. In the context of pharmacology, drug toxicity occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in the bloodstream, leading the adverse effects on the body.
- 36. Objectives of ToxicologyStudy To learn about a dynamic multidisciplinary science. To learn about interconnection among research, hazard, risk assessment & risk management, to protect public health. To make tangible social contributions. To increase public safety by identifying toxic chemicals. To provide expertise to guide policy decision making & setting of guidelines. To help the public by explaining complex scientific subjects in simple language.
- 37. Toxicology studyhelps a forensic toxicologist deals with crime cases involving chemical evidence. Pharmaceutical toxicology helps to determine the efficacy, M/A, & the potential adverse health effects of the active pharmaceuticals ingredients being produced. In the use of cosmetic, it helps to aware the public about toxic effects of its Cont.
- 38. Biochemicals Normal rangesElevated Stage Decreased Stage BUN (Blood urea nitrogen) 2.5-8 mmol/L Chronic intrinsic renal disease Serum Creatinine 0.7-1.4 mg/dL Renal disease Uric acid 3-7 mg/dL Gout & renal disease Serum cholesterol <200 mg/dL Cardiovascular disease Triglyceride <150 mg/ dL HDL >60 mg/dL Atherosclerosis LDL <60 mg/dL Atherosclerosis Blood glucose Fasting: 3.5-5.8 mmol/L Postpandrial: >7.8 mmol/L Hyperglycemia Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia CSF glucose 60% of blood glucose Meningitis List of Biochemical Parameters, their normal ranges & their association with various Diseases & Disorders.
- 39. Biochemicals Normal rangesElevated Stage Decreased Stage Haemoglobin (Hb) 12-16 g/dL Thalassemia Anaemia Transferrin 2.12-3.60 g/L Iron overload Iron deficiency anaemia Bilirubin <1.5 mg/dL Jaundice Alkaline Phosphatase 35-100 µ/L Cholestatic Jaundice Bone disorder (malignant bone tumor, tuberculosis of bone) Aspartate Transferase 10-59 µ/L Viral Hepatitis Fatty liver disease Alanine Transferase 10-40 µ/L Serum Albumin 3.5-5 g/dL Liver damage Cont.
- 40. 1. http://articles.indushealthplus.com/biochemical- tests-kidney-liver-function-test/ 2. http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/lab_test.html 3.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172226- overview 4. https://www.medichecks.com/tests/biochemistry- profile 5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST/ALT_ratio 6. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSF_glucose 7. clinical pharmacy, manual for 4th year students of the foreign faculty; by S.V. Lelevich & T.V. Popechits; GRODNO 2010 8. APP17 Lab reference range values. qxd 9. C130114constantes.biologiques- 2013EN_JP20130204.doc-ygnedron. 10. https://www.slideshare.net/rajud521/clinical- toxicology