Introduction to computer networking

Definitions
Network Definition
 A network can be defined as two or more
computers connected together in such a way
that they can share resources.
 The purpose of a network is to share
resources.

Definitions (cont..)
A resource may be:
A file
A folder
A printer
A disk drive
Or just about anything else that exists on
a computer.

Definitions (cont..)
A network is simply a collection of computers or
other hardware devices that are connected
together, either physically or logically, using
special hardware and software, to allow them to
exchange information and cooperate. Networking
is the term that describes the processes involved
in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing
and otherwise working with networks and network
technologies.

Advantages of networking
 Connectivity and Communication
 Data Sharing
 Hardware Sharing
 Internet Access
 Internet Access Sharing
 Data Security and Management
 Performance Enhancement and Balancing
 Entertainment

The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking
 Network Hardware, Software and Setup
Costs
 Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
 Undesirable Sharing
 Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
 Data Security Concerns

Classification of Networks
Based on function
Data Networks
Voice Networks
Multimedia Networks
Based on area coverage
LAN
MAN
WAN

Based on ownership
Public Network
Private Network
VPN (virtual private network)
Leased Network
Based on media
Wired Network
Wireless Network

Based on forwading
Switched Network
Shared Network
Hybrid Network

Fundamental Network Classifications
Local Area Networks (LANs):
 A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network covering a small geographic area, like
a home, office, or group of buildings.
 A local area network may serve as few as two
or three users or as many as thousands of
users.

Fundamental Network Classifications (cont)
The Local Network (LAN)
Client
ClientClient
Client Client
Client

Wide Area Networks (WANs):
 Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer
network that covers a broad area (i.e., any
network whose communications links cross
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Or,
less formally, a network that uses routers and
public communications links
 The largest and most well-known example of a
WAN is the Internet.
 WANs are used to connect LANs and other types
of networks together, so that users and computers
in one location can communicate with users and
computers in other locations

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that
interconnects users with computer resources in a
geographic area or region larger than that covered by
even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than
the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
• The term is applied to the interconnection of networks
in a city into a single larger network (which may then
also offer efficient connection to a wide area network).
• It is also used to mean the interconnection of several
local area networks by bridging them with backbone
lines.

Fundamental Network Classifications (cont)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Components of Computer Network
Sender (Source Host)
Communication interface devices
Communication channel
Receiver (Destination Host)
Communication software

Sender (Source Host)
A host is any computer on a network that
is repository for services available to
other computers on a network.
Sender is the system or node which
sends the data through the computer
network. It is also called source host.

Communication interface devices
NIC
Hub/Switch
Routers
Bridges
Gateways
Repeaters
Modem

Communication channel
Guided media: Twisted pair, coaxial
cable and fiber optics.
Unguided media: Wireless.

Communication Software
It is used to manage the flow of data
across a network. The functions of
communication software are as follows:
•Access Control
•Network Management
•Data and file transmission
•Error detection and control
•Data security

Receiver (Destination Host)
Receiver is the system or node which
receives the data through the computer
network.
It is also called destination host.

Client and Server computer role in
networking
 Server computer is a core component of the network,
providing a link to the resources necessary to perform
any task.
 A server computer provides a link to the resources
necessary to perform any task.
 The link it provides could be to a resource existing on
the server itself or a resource on a client computer.
 Client computers normally request and receive
information over the network client. Client computers
also depends primarily on the central server for
processing activities

Peer-to peer network
 A peer-to-peer network is a network where the
computers act as both workstations and servers.
 great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks.
 In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every
computer is an equal, a peer in the network.
 Each machine can have resources that are shared
with any other machine.
 There is no assigned role for any particular device,
and each of the devices usually runs similar software.
Any device can and will send requests to any other.

Client/Server Networking
In this design, a small number of
computers are designated as centralized
servers and given the task of providing
services to a larger number of user
machines called clients

Client/Server Networking (cont..)

Network topology
A topology is a way of “laying out” the
network. Topologies can be either
physical or logical.
Physical topologies describe how the
cables are run.
Logical topologies describe how the
network messages travel

Network topology (cont.)
Bus (can be both logical and physical)
Star (physical only)
Ring (can be both logical and physical)
Mesh (can be both logical and physical)

Introduction to computer networking

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Introduction to computer networking