Introduction to Electric Vehciles.pptx

Introduction to Electric
Vehicles

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an
electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of
power referred to as the alternative power
unit (APU).
A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and
performance advantages of conventional
vehicles with the low-noise, low-exhaust
emissions, and energy independence
benefits of electric vehicles
Accordingly, the hybrid concept, where the
alternative power unit is used as a second
source of energy, is gaining acceptance and
is overcoming some of the problems of pure
electric vehicles.
2

Is the conventional diesel train a
HYBRID?

Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources
of power is said to be hybrid. For example, a
moped (a motorized pedal bike), diesel-
electric hybrid locomotives
Relies not only on batteries but also on an
internal combustion engine which drives a
generator to provide electricity and may also
drive a wheel.
Alternative power unit to supply the power
required by the vehicle, to recharge the
batteries, and to power accessories like the air
conditioner and heater. 4

Two types of hybrid vehicle configurations
5
Parallel Hybrids
Series Hybrids

Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the
engine.
Set of batteries that supplies power to an
electric motor.
Both the engine and the electric motor can
turn the transmission at the same time, and
the transmission then turns the wheels.
6

When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like
an electric vehicle
When the APU is on, the controller divides
energy between the drive train (propulsion) and
the batteries (energy storage).
Under acceleration, more power is allocated to
the drive train than to the batteries. During
periods of idle or low speeds, more power goes
from the batteries than from the drive train.
The batteries also provide additional power to
the drive train when the APU is not producing
enough and also to power auxiliary systems such
as the air conditioner and heater.
7

Similar to an electric vehicle with an on-
board generator
The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure
electric vehicle until the batteries reach a
predetermined discharge level.
At that point the APU turns on and begins
recharging the battery.
The APU operates until the batteries are
charged to a predetermined level.
APU never directly powers the vehicle
8

The length of time the APU is on depends on
the size of the batteries and the APU itself.
Since the APU is not directly connected to
the drive train, it can be run at its optimal
operating condition; hence, fuel economy is
increased and emissions are reduced relative
to a pure IC engine vehicle.
9

 Electric drive motors
to provide the power forpropulsion
converts electric energy to mechanical energy
(motion) to drive the hybrid vehicle.
drive
Direct Current Motors, Alternating Current Motors
The two possible configurations of electric
motors in a hybrid vehicle
single electric motor connected to the wheels through a
drive train and multiple electric motors, one located at
each wheel.
 Auxiliary Power Units
Supplies the baseline power required to the vehicle,
recharges the batteries and powers accessories such
as the air conditioner and heater.
The APU can consist of a mechanical type engine or a
fuel cell.
Spark Ignition Engine, Compression Ignition Engines, Fuel
Cells 10

 Generators
to convert the mechanical power into
electrical power when used in a series
hybrid.
 Energy Storage Systems
Peak power required in hybrid vehicles is met
by devices like batteries, capacitors or a
flywheel.
store energy and readily release it when
needed.
11

 Regenerative Braking
some of the energy is converted into
electrical energy and stored.
rotational energy of the braking mechanism
generates electrical power and stores it in
the batteries.
 Control Systems
contains two main components-command and
power components.
command component manages and processes the
driver’s instructions.
power component chops power flows to control
the motor’s power intake. 12

Electric vehicle equipped with a fuelcell
Use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric battery
when it is depleted
In the 21 century, the auto fuel will be replaced by
such regenerative resources as hydrogen and the
power system with traditional internal combustion
engine will be replaced by hybrid system and finally
be replaced by fuel cell power system to realize
multi-resources, electric driving and zero emission.
15

Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Train Structure
16
Fuel Cell Indirect Power System
FCE is connected with ESS in parallel after DC/DC
converter
better for the optimization and control of the FCE and is
an economic selection for the fuel cell vehicle nowadays.

Fuel Cell Direct Power System
17
FCE’s output is directly inputted to DC/AC and the ESS is
connected with the FCE’s output in parallel after a
bidirectional DC/DC.
FCE outputs power directly into DC/AC, the FCE must
have good dynamic response to output enough power
quickly to meet the vehicle’s driving performance
requirement and good voltage maintained performance to
avoid the large voltage drop of bus line and the large
torque drop of electric motor. On the other side, the FCE
must be overlarge to avoid the possible damage.

The main controller receives the pedal signals
from the driver. With the values of pedal,
speed, the driving power required is calculated
by look-up table of motor performance map.
The target power of fuel cell engine is the sum
of the driving power and the SOC-regulated
power of battery pack.
The target current of the DC-DC converter is
real-time calculated by the target driving power
divided by the bus voltage. The air compressor’s
speed control is based on the target power of
fuel cell engine.
19

to transport and store hydrogen fuel in the
vehicle.
the cost of producing a powerful fuel cell is
high.
the size and weight issue as fuel cells
powerful enough to power a car or truck
are still rather bulky and heavy.
However technology is maturing fast, so fuel
cells may well prove to be a viable option in
automotive technology in the not so distant
future.

Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases
dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag
force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50
mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase
your mileage significantly.
Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the
car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you
slow the car down again. By maintaining a constant
speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.
Avoid abrupt stops - When you stop your car, the electric
motor in the hybrid acts like a generator and take some
of the energy out of the car while slowing it down. If
you give the electric motor more time to slow the
vehicle, it can recover more of the energy. If you stop
quickly, the brakes on the car will do most of the work
of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted
21

Introduction to Electric Vehciles.pptx

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