Introduction to Embedded System: Chapter 2 (4th portion)

Introduction to
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
(2nd Edition)
SHIBU K V
Dr Moe Moe Myint
Department of Computer Engineering & Information Technology
Mandalay Technological University
www.slideshare.net/MoeMoeMyint
moemoemyint@moemyanmar.ml
moe2myint.mdy@gmail.com
drmoemoemyint.blogspot.com

Agenda
2.1 Core of the Embedded System
2.2 Memory
2.3 Sensors and Actuators
2.4 Communication Interface
2.5 Embedded Firmware
2.6 Other System Components
2.7 PCB and Passive Components
2
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology

Learning Objectives
 Learn the building blocks of a typical Embedded System
 Learn about General Purpose Processors (GPPs), Application
Specific Instruction Set Processors (ASIPs), Microprocessors,
Microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors, RISC & CISC
processors, Harvad and Von-Neumann Processor Architecture, Big-
endian v/s Little endian processors, Load Store operation and
Instruction pipelining
 Learn about different PLDs like Complex Programmable Logic
Devices (CPLDs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), etc.
3

Cont’d
 Learn about the different memory technologies and memory types used in
embedded system development
 Learn about Masked ROM (MROM), PROM, OTP, EPROM, EEPROM, and
FLASH memory for embedded firmware storage
 Learn about Serial Access Memory (SAM), Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Nonvolatile
SRAM (NVRAM)
 Understand the different factors to be considered in the selection of memory
for embedded systems
 Understand the role of sensors, actuators and their interfacing with the I/O
subsystems of an embedded system
4

Cont’d
 Learn about the interfacing of LEDs, 7-segment LED Displays, Piezo Buzzer,
Stepper Motor, Relays, Optocouplers, Matrix keyboard, Push button switches,
Programmable Peripheral Interface Device (e.g. 8255 PPI), etc. with the I/O
subsystem of the embedded system
 Learn about the different communication interfaces of an embedded system
 Understand the various chip level communication interfaces like I2C, SPI,
UART, 1-wire, parallel bus, etc
 Understand the different wired and wireless external communication interfaces
like RS-232C, RS-485, Parallel Port, USB, IEEE1394, Infrared (IrDA),
Bluetooth, Wifi, ZigBee, GPRS, etc.
 Know what embedded firmware is and its role in embedded systems
5

Cont’d
 Understand the different system components like Reset Circuit,
Brown-out protection circuit, Oscillator Unit, Real-Time Clock
(RTC) and Watchdog Timer unit
 Understand the role of PCB in embedded systems
6

2.3 Sensors and Actuators7
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 7-Segment LED Display
 Optocoupler
 Stepper Motor
 Relay
 Piezo Buzzer
 Push Button Switch
 Keyboard
 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)

Piezo Buzzer8
 Piezo buzzer is a piezoelectric device for generating audio indications in
embedded application.
 A piezoelectric buzzer contains a piezoelectric diaphragm which produces
audible sound in response to the voltage applied to it.
 Piezoelectric buzzers are available in two types: ‘Self-driving’ and
‘External driving’.
 The ‘Self-driving’ circuit contains all the necessary components to
generate sound at a predefined tone. It will generate a tone on applying the
voltage.
 External driving piezo buzzers supports the generation of different tones.
The tone can be varied by applying a variable pulse train to the
piezoelectric buzzer.

Push Button Switch9
 It is an input device. Push button switch comes in two configurations,
namely ‘Push to Make’ and ‘Push to Break’.
 In the ‘Push to Make’ configuration, the switch is normally in the open
state and it makes a circuit contact when it is pushed or pressed.
 In the ‘Push to Break’ configuration, the switch is normally in the closed
state and it breaks the circuit contact when it is pushed or pressed.
 In the embedded application push button is generally used as reset and start
switch.

Keyboard
 Keyboard is an input device for user interfacing. If the number of keys
required is very limited, push button switches can be used and they can be
directly interfaced to the port pins for reading.
 Matrix keyboard is an optimum solution for handling large key
requirements. It greatly reduces the number of interface connections.
 For example, for interfacing 16 keys, in the direct interfacing technique 16
port pins are required, whereas the matrix keyboard only 8 lines are required.
The 16 keys are arranged in a 4 column*4 row matrix.
10

11
Matrix Keyboard Interfacing

The Operation of Matrix Keyboard
&
Programmable Peripheral Interface
(PPI)
12
Assignment

Communication Interface
 For an embedded product, the communication interface can be viewed in two
different perspectives; namely; Device/board level communication interface
(Onboard Communication Interface) and Product level communication
interface (External Communication Interface).
 Embedded product is a combination of different types of components
(chips/devices) arranged on a printed circuit board (PCB). Serial interfaces
like I2C, SPI, UART, 1-Wire, etc and parallel bus interface are examples of
‘Onboard Communication Interface’.
13

Onboard Communication Interfaces
 Onboard Communication Interface refers to the different
communication channels/buses for interconnecting the various
integrated circuits and other peripherals within the embedded system.
The various interfaces for onboard communication are as follows:
i. Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus
ii. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus
iii. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
iv. 1-Wire Interface
v. Parallel Interface
14
Assignment

Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus
 The Inter Integrated Circuit Bus is a synchronous bi-directional half duplex
two wire serial interface bus. The I2C bus comprise of two bus lines, namely;
Serial Clock-SCL and Serial Data-SDA.
 SCL line is responsible for generating synchronization clock pulses and
SDA is responsible for transmitting the serial data across devices.
 Devices connected to the I2C bus can act as either ‘Master’ device or ‘Slave’
device.
 The ‘Master’ device is responsible for controlling the communication by
initiating/terminating data transfer, sending data and generating necessary
synchronization clock pulses.
 ‘Slave’ devices wait for the commands from the master and respond upon
receiving the commands. ‘Master’ and ‘Slave’ devices can act as either
transmitter or receiver. I2C supports multi masters on the same bus.
15

16
I2C Bus Interfacing

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus
 The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) is a synchronous bi-
directional full duplex four-wire serial interface bus.
 SPI is a single master multi-slave system.
 SPI requires four signal lines for communication. They are Master Out
Slave In (MOSI), Master In Slave Out (MISO), Serial Clock (SCLK)
and Slave Select (SS).
 When compared to I2C, SPI bus is most suitable for applications
requiring transfer of data in ‘streams’.
17

18
SPI bus interfacing

External Communication Interfaces
 The External Communication Interface refers to the different
communication channels/buses used by the embedded system to
communicate with the external world. The various interfaces for
external communication are as follows
i. RS-232 C & RS-485
ii. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
iii. IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
iv. Infrared (IrDA)
v. Bluetooth (BT)
vi. Wi-Fi
vii. ZigBee
viii.General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
19

RS-232 C & RS-485
 RS-232C is a legacy, full duplex, wired, asynchronous serial
communication interface. RS-232 supports two different types of
connectors, namely; DB-9; 9-Pin connector and DB-25: 25-Pin
connector. RS-232 supports only point-to-point communication and not
suitable for multi-drop communication.
 RS-485 is the enhanced version of RS-422 and it supports multi-drop
communication with up to 32 transmitting devices (drivers) and 32
receiving devices on the bus.
20

Cont’d21
DB-9 and DB-25 RS232 Connector Interface

Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a wired high speed serial bus for data
communication. The USB host can support connections up to 127,
including slave peripheral devices and other USB hosts.
22

23
IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
 IEEE 1394 (Firewire) is a wired, isochronous high speed serial
communication bus. It is also known as High Performance Serial Bus
(HPSB).
 1394 is a popular communication interface for connecting embedded
devices like Digital Camera, Camcorder, Scanners to desktop
computers for data transfer and storage.
 Unlike USB interface, IEEE 1394 doesn’t require a host for
communicating between devices. For example, you can directly
connect a scanner with a printer for printing. The data rate supported
by 1394 is far higher than the one supported by USB 2.0 interface. The
1394 hardware implementation is much costlier than USB
implementation.

Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
 Infrared (IrDA) is a serial, half duplex, line of sight based wireless
technology for data communication between devices. It is in use from
the olden days of communication and you may be very familiar with it.
The remote control of your TV, VCD player, etc works on Infrared data
communication principle.
24

Bluetooth (BT)
 Bluetooth is a low cost, low power, short range wireless technology
for data and voice communication. Bluetooth supports point-to-point
(device to device) and point-to-multipoint (device to multiple device
broadcasting) wireless communication.
 A Bluetooth device can function as either master or slave. When a
network is formed with one Bluetooth device as master and more than
one device as slaves, it is called a Piconet. A Piconet supports a
maximum of seven slave devices.
 Bluetooth is the favorite choice for short range data communication in
handheld embedded devices. Bluetooth technology is very popular
among cell phone users as they are the easiest communication channel
for transferring ringtones, music files, pictures, media files, etc
between neighboring Bluetooth enabled phones.
 It supports a data rate of up to 1 Mbps and a range of approximately
30 feet for data communication.
25

Wi-Fi
 Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity is the popular wireless communication
technique for networked communication of devices. Wi-Fi is intended
for network communication and it supports Internet Protocol (IP) based
communication. It is essential to have device identities in a multipoint
communication to address specific devices for data communication.
 Wi-Fi based communications require an intermediate agent called
Wi-Fi router/Wireless access point to manage the communications.
Wi-Fi supports data rates ranging from 1 Mbps to 150 Mbps and offers
a range of 100 to 300 feet.
26

ZigBee
 ZigBee is a low power, low cost, wireless network communication
protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard.
 ZigBee is targeted for low power, low data rate and secure applications
for Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN).
 ZigBee operates worldwide at the unlicensed bands of Radio spectrum,
mainly at 2.400 to 2.484 GHz, 902 to 928 MHz and 868.0 to 868.6
MHz.
 ZigBee supports an operating distance of up to 100 meters and a data
rate of 20 to 250Kbps.
27

Cont’d
ZigBee device categories are as follows:
 ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)/Network Coordinator: The ZigBee coordinator
acts as the root of the ZigBee network. The ZC is responsible for initiating the
ZigBee network and it has the capability to store information about the
network.
 ZigBee Router (ZR)/Full Function Device (FFD): Responsible for passing
information from device to another device or to another ZR.
 ZigBee End Device (ZED)/Reduced Function Device (RFD): End device
containing ZigBee functionality for data communication.
28

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
 GPRS is a communication technique for transferring data over a
mobile communication network like GSM.
 GPRS supports a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 17.2 kbps.
 The GPRS communication divides the channel into 8 timeslots and
transmits data over the available channel.
29

Understanding Test Questions
30
1. What is the minimum number I/O line required to interface a 16-Key
matrix keyboard?
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 9
2. Which is the optimal row-column configuration for a 24 key matrix
keyboard?
(a) 6x4 (b) 8x3 (c) 12x2 (d) 5x5
3. Which of the following is an example for on-board interface in the embedded
system context?
(a) I2C (b) Bluetooth (c) SPI (d) All of them
(e) Only (a) and (c)
4. What is the minimum number of interface lines required for implementing
I2C interface?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
5. What is the minimum number of interface lines required for implementing
SPI interface?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

Cont’d
31
6. Which of the following are synchronous serial interface?
(a) I2C (b) SPI (c) UART (d) All of these
(e) Only (a) and (b)
7. RS-232 is a synchronous serial interface. State True or False
(a) True (b) False
8. What is the maximum number of USB devices that can be connected
to a USB host?
(a) Unlimited (b) 128 (c) 127 (d) None of these
9. In the ZigBee network, which of the following ZigBee entity stores
the information about the network?
(a) ZigBee Coordinator (b) ZigBee Router
(c) ZigBee Reduced Function Device (d) All of them
10. What is the theoretical maximum data rate supported by GPRS
(a) 8 Mbps (b) 12 Mbps (c) 100 Kbps (d) 171.2 Kbps
11. GPRS communication divides the radio channel into -------- timeslots.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 8

Reviewed Questions32
1. Explain the different on-board communication interfaces in brief.
2. Explain the different external communication interfaces in brief.
3. Explain the RS-232 C serial interface.
4. Explain the merits and limitations of IEEE1394 interface over
USB.
5. Compare the operation of ZigBee and Wi-Fi network.

 Only Original Owner has full rights reserved for copied images.
 This PPT is only for fair academic use.
 Coming soon for chapter 2 (5th portion)
33

Introduction to Embedded System: Chapter 2 (4th portion)

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