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Introduction to IP Addressing for Networking.ppt
2. • IP Address is Logical Address
• It is a Network Layer address (Layer 3)
• Two Versions of IP:
• IP version 4 is a 32 bit address
• IP version 6 is a 128 bit address
IP Address
3. • Bit is represent by 0 or 1 (i.e. Binary)
• IP address in binary form (32 bits):
01010101000001011011111100000001
• 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets:
01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001
• IP address in decimal form:
85.5.191.1
IP version 4
First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet
4. • It is represented in Hex notation
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
IP version 6
• Format of IPv6 address:
x : x : x : x : x : x : x : x where x is 16 bits
(4 Hex digits)
• Not case sensitive for A,B,C,D,E,F
• Leading zeros in a field are Optional.
• Successive Fields of 0 can be represented as “::”
but only once.
Eg: 2031:0000:0000:130f:0000:0000:09c4:1300
The above example can be rewritten as below:
2031::130f:0:0:9c4:1300
5. Taking Example for First Octet :
Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. 28
= 256 combination
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4
IPv4 address range
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Total IP Address Range
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
to
255.255.255.255
6. • IP Addresses are divided into 5 Classes
• CLASS A
• CLASS B
• CLASS C
• CLASS D
• CLASS E
IP Address Classification
Used in LAN & WAN
Reserved for Multicasting
Reserved for Research &
Development
7. Parity Bit
• Parity Bit is used for IP Address classification.
• Most significant bit(s) from the first octet are selected
for Parity Bit(s).
• Class A priority bit is 0
• Class B priority bits are 10
• Class C priority bits are 110
• Class D priority bits are 1110
• Class E priority bits are 1111
8. In Class A : First bit of the first octet
is reserved as priority bit, bit value is zero.
0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4
CLASS A Range
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
Class A Range
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
127.255.255.255
Exception
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
networks are reserved
9. In Class B : First two bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 10.
10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132
CLASS B Range
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
Class B Range
128. 0 . 0 . 0
to
191.255.255.255
10. For Class C range : First Three bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 110.
110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196
CLASS C Range
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
Class C Range
192. 0 . 0 . 0
to
223.255.255.255
11. For Class D range : First four bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 1110.
1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228
CLASS D Range
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
Class D Range
224. 0 . 0 . 0
to
239.255.255.255
12. For Class E range : First four bits of the first
octet are reserved as priority bits, bit value as 1111.
1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244
CLASS E Range
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Class E Range
240. 0 . 0 . 0
to
255.255.255.255
13. • IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion
• CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H
• CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H
• CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H
Octet Format
14. CLASS A – No. Networks & Hosts
• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H
Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24
No. of Networks
= 2no of network bits– Priority bit
= 28-1
(-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
= 27
= 128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network)
= 126 Networks
No. of Host
= 2no of host bits
-2
= 224
– 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 16777216 - 2
= 16777214 Hosts/Network
CLASS A
126 Networks
&
16777214 Hosts per
Network
15. CLASS B – No. Networks & Hosts
• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H
Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16
No. of Networks
= 2no of network bits– Priority bit
= 216-2
(-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
= 214
= 16384 Networks
No. of Host
= 2no of host bits
-2
= 216
– 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 65536 - 2
= 65534 Hosts/Network
CLASS B
16384 Networks
&
65534 Hosts per Network
16. CLASS C – No. Networks & Hosts
• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H
Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8
No. of Networks
= 2no of network bits– Priority bit
= 224-3
(-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
= 221
= 2097152 Networks
No. of Host
= 2no of host bits
-2
= 28
– 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 256 - 2
= 254 Hosts/Network
CLASS C
2097152 Networks
&
254 Hosts per Network
17. Network address: IP address with all bits as ZERO in the host portion.
Broadcast address: IP address with all bits as ONES in the host portion.
Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address and the Broadcast
Address.
Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients
Network & Broadcast Address
18. Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111
Example - Class A
Class A
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 Broadcast Address
Network Address
Valid IP Addresses
19. Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111
Example - Class B
Class B
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255 Broadcast Address
Network Address
Valid IP Addresses
20. Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111
Example - Class C
Class C
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
Network Address
Valid IP Addresses
21. There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are
reserved for Private Networks. These addresses are called private
addresses.
These addresses are not Routable (or) valid on Internet.
Private IP Address
Class A
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
22. Subnet Mask
• Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host
Portion
• Represented with all 1’s in the network portion
and with all 0’s in the host portion.
23. Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0
Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0
Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask - Examples
24. How Subnet Mask Works ?
IP Address : 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
ANDING PROCESS :
192.168.1.1 =
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
=======================================
192.168.1.0 =
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
=======================================
The output of an AND table is 1 if both its inputs are 1.
For all other possible inputs the output is 0.
AND TABLE
0 * 0 = 0
0 * 1 = 0
1 * 0 = 0
1 * 1 = 1
25. Creating Multiple independent Networks from a Single Network.
Converting Host bits into Network Bits
i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s
Subnetting can be performed in two ways.
FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)
VLSM (Variable Length subnet mask)
Subnetting can be done based on requirement .
Requirement of Networks ?
Requirement of Hosts ?
Subnetting
26. ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC
Which IP address Class is preferred for the network ?
Answer : Class C.
In ZOOM Technologies there are 5 Five Departments
with 20 PCs each
ZOOM Technologies – 192.168.1.0/24
Scenario for Subnetting
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to
192.168.1.20
192.168.1.21 to 192.168.1.40
– CISCO
– Hardware 192.168.1.41 to 192.168.1.60
– Linux 192.168.1.61 to 192.168.1.80
– Exchange 192.168.1.81 to 192.168.1.100
27. • Administrator’s Requirement :
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?
Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
Scenario (…continued)
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
– CISCO
– Hardware 192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
– Linux 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
– Exchange 192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20
28. Main Aim of Subnetting
Problem with the previous Scenario is :-
• Broadcast is done for 254 IPs rather than for 20 IPs.
• Wastage of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)
30. Some Important Values
VALUES IN SUBNET MASK
Bit Value Mask
1 128 10000000
2 192 11000000
3 224 11100000
4 240 11110000
5 248 11111000
6 252 11111100
7 254 11111110
8 255 11111111
31. Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example – 1
• No. of Host
= 2h
– 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 25
– 2
= 32 – 2
= 30 Hosts/Subnet
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
– 2 Req. of Subnet
= 23
– 2 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 8 – 2
= 6 Subnet
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
HELP
32. x
Example – 1 (Continued…)
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.1.0
• Customized Subnet Mask =
255.
11111111
.
255.
11111111
.
255.
11111111
.
11100000
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
3
2
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.223
192.168.1.255
x
Valid Subnets
224
If you convert 3 Host Bits to Network Bits
6 Subnet & 30 Hosts/Subnet
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224
Subnet Range
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63 MCSE .
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95 CISCO .
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127 FIREWALL
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159 SOLARIS
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191 TRAINING
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 Future Use
33. Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example – 2
• No. of Host
= 2h
– 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24
– 2 (h = xxxx)
= 16 - 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n
– 2 Req. of Subnet
= 24
– 2 14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet
Range)
= 16 – 2
= 14 Subnet
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
HELP
34. x
Example – 2 (Continued…)
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.1.0
• Customized Subnet Mask =
255.
11111111
.
255.
11111111
.
255.
11111111
.
11110000
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
x
Valid Subnets
1
6
1
6
192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.255
– 192.168.1.15
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 – 192.168.1.63
240
If you convert 4 Host Bits to Network Bits
14 Subnet & 14 Hosts/Subnet
Customized Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
Subnet Range
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
