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Introduction to petroleum industry
- 1. Introduction to petroleum industry Presentedby Amr Gamal SPE SCU SC Technical Manager
- 2. Outline What ispetroleum ? Petroleum formation. where is petroleum found ? How is petroleum obtained? Petroleum composition. Life without oil? Impossible! Advantages and disadvantages of oil. Facts about oil.
- 3. What is petroleum? A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning “rock,” andoleum, meaning “oil.”
- 4. The oilindustry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin and by its relative weight or viscosity ("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"). The relative content of sulfur in natural oil deposits also results in referring to oil as "sweet," which means it contains relatively little sulfur, or as "sour," which means it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.
- 5. How is petroleumfound ? Petroleum forms from the interaction of various hydrocarbons, ancient marine life and certain minerals, such as sulfur, under intense pressure.It is a fossil fuel that is the byproduct from the remains of bacteria, plants and algae. The most important factor is temperature; oil generation starts at 50 celsuis degrees , conversion to oil peaks at 90 degrees and stops at 175 degrees. This range of temperature is known as the oil window. Below and above the oil window, decay of organic remains will generate gas.
- 6. Temperatures atthe lower end of the oil window will generate heavy oils, with increasing temperatures generating lighter oils. If the temperature of the rock becomes too high(above 260 celsuis degrees) then the organic material(and therefore the oil generation) is destroyed. However, even at oil formation conditions, oil formation still takes millions of years.
- 7. Where in theworld is petroleum located? Conventional oil fields : petroleum is in liquid and gas form. Most of it is easy to pump to the surface, as it is initially pressurized enough to lift itself against the force of gravity. Most of these oil fields have been found in the Middle East, although much oil has been discovered in Texas, Canada, Alaska, Russia, Venezuela, the North Sea and many other regions.
- 8. Unconventional oilfields : With the depletion of conventional oil, however, oil shale is being exploited as a replacement. Oil shale is a solid, kerogen-bearing rock that is found in wide formations. This petroleum is generally more difficult to refine than conventional oil because it is thicker, even when liquefied, and contains more impurities. Shale oil is found in the Bakken formation in Montana and Favel formations in Canada, it was discovered in the USA recently.
- 9. Top 10 countriesproducing oil
- 10. How is petroleumobtained? Oil companies obtain petroleum or crude oil by discovering oil reservoirs and establishing oil rigs. The oil rigs drill into the reservoirs and extract petroleum, which refineries process into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt and petroleum jelly.
- 11. Petroleum composition : Petroleum, or crude oil as it is now usually referred too when raw, contains several chemical compounds, the most prolific being the hydrocarbons themselves which give the petroleum composition its combustible nature. Although the composition of petroleum will contain many trace elements the key compounds are carbon (93% – 97%), hydrogen (10% - 14%), nitrogen (0.1% - 2%), oxygen (01.% - 1.5%) and sulphur (0.5% - 6%) with a few trace metals making up a very small percentage of the petroleum composition.
- 12. The actualoverall properties of each different petroleum source are defined by the percentage of the four main hydrocarbons found within petroleum as part of the petroleum composition. The percentages for these hydrocarbons can vary greatly, giving the crude oil a quite distinct compound personality depending upon geographic region. These hydrocarbons are typically present in petroleum at the following percentages: paraffins (15% - 60%), napthenes (30% - 60%), aromatics (3% to 30%), with asphaltics making up the remainder.
- 13. Life without oil?Impossible! Crude oil is the most important natural resource of the industrialized nations.
- 14. Uses of oil: GASOLINE is the most commonly used product by the world for the transportation needs.
- 15. JET FUELKerosene is the standard type of jet fuel.
- 16. PLASTICS Allplastic, is made from petrochemicals. Every product made from or containing plastic is a product that exists only through the distillation of petroleum. SYNTHETIC FIBERS Polyester, nylon, and acrylic are all derived from petrochemicals. They are used for curtains, carpets, rope and even our everyday clothing.
- 17. • MEDICINE Acetylsalicylicacid (ASA), the active ingredient in many pain reliever medicines, is manufactured from petrochemicals. • DETERGENT All soapless detergents used to wash clothes and dishes are derived from the petrochemical glycerin.
- 18. Advantages of petroleum: High Energy Density Oil has one of the highest energy densities which means that a small amount of oil can produce a large amount of energy. This makes it very useful as its high energy density has made it the preferred choice for use as fuel in automobiles. Easy Availability, Infrastructure for Transport and Use Oil is widely distributed in almost all parts of the world. Also there exists a massive infrastructure to transport oil to other places through ships, pipelines and tankers. This means that oil is available throughout the world. Crucial for wide variety of Industries Besides Transport,Oil is a critical component in a wide variety of other industries. It is difficult to think of a commodity which has such a huge role to play in a wide variety of human products from Vaseline, cloth, medicines etc.
- 19. Easy toProduce and Refine – Oil is not very difficult to produce though most of the low cost locations have already been depleted. Now Oil is being mined off the coasts in seas and also tar sands. Oil Refinery Technology is also quite old and mature which implies that refining of oil to get valuable products like diesel, petrol is also quite easy. Constant Power Source and Reliability - Unlike solar and wind energy, oil can produce power 24/7 and is highly reliable. Oil engines are a mature technology and highly reliable to work with.
- 20. Disadvantages of petroleum: Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) One of the biggest Disadvantages of Oil is that it releases Carbon Dioxide which has been sequestered for millions of years in the dead bodies of plant and animals leading to the Global Warming Effect. Pollution of Water and Earth Oil Spills have caused massive pollution of water bodies as massive oil supertankers lead oil. This leads to the death of thousands of animals and fishes every year beside devastating the local ecology. The BP Oil Spill caused billions of dollars in losses and even to this day small Oil Spills keep happening.
- 21. Growth inTerrorism and Violence due to the desire of powerful countries to obtain more oil and control the largest oil reservoirs in the world. Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Acid Rain Oil Plants emit harmful substances such as Sulfur Dioxide which cause health hazards among the surrounding population and Acid Rain. While modern equipment has reduced the emission of these harmful substances, it is still very harmful to humans.
- 22. Facts about oil: The US has the 10th largest oil reserve in the world. Venezuela has the largest, with 298.35 billion barrels compared to the US’ 33 billion barrels. The US consumes more oil than any other country -- 1.85 billion barrels per day. Gasoline makes up 45% of crude oil. Petrochemicals (found in oil) helped produce the electronic device you are reading on right now.
- 23. Oil isalso referred to as “Texas Tea” and “Black Gold.” The process of oil drilling begins with a drill cutting through the earth, allowing air to be pumped downwards, and once the oil is hit, it rushes to the surface and can shoot dozens of meters out of the ground. Texas has the largest oil reserve in the US, and is responsible for almost ⅕ of the US’ crude oil reserve.