Introduction to Scripting programming Language.

Outline
IS400: Development of Business Applications on the Internet
Fall 2004
Instructor: Dr. Boris Jukic
JavaScript: Introduction
to Scripting

Topics Covered
 Writing simple JavaScript programs.
 Using input and output statements
 Basic memory concepts.
 Arithmetic operators.
 Decision-making statements.
 Relational and equality operators.

Introduction
 JavaScript scripting language
– Client-side scripting enhances functionality and
appearance
 Makes pages more dynamic and interactive
 Pages can produce immediate response without
contacting a server
 Customization is possible on the basis of users’ explicit
and implicit input
 Browser has to have a built-in (JavaScript) interpreter
– Foundation for complex server-side scripting

JavaScript: Object-Based Language
 There are three object categories in JavaScript:
Native Objects, Host Objects, and User-Defined
Objects.
– Native objects: defined by JavaScript.
 String, Number, Array, Image, Date, Math, etc.
– Host objects : supplied and always available to JavaScript by
the browser environment.
 window, document, forms, etc.
– User-defined objects : defined by the author/programmer
 Initially, we will use host objects created by the
browser and their methods and properties

Scripting
 Two approaches to client side scripting:
– Inline scripting
 Written in the <body> section of a document
– JavaScript code embedded in the <head> section

Scripting
 <script> tag
 Indicate that the text is part of a script
 type attribute
– Specifies the type of file and the scripting language use:
 Value: “text/javascript”
– IE and Netscape use JavaScript as default scripting language
 writeln method of the document object
– Write a line in the document and position the cursor in the next line
– Does not affect the actual rendering of the HTML document
 What is being written by JavaScript is the set of html instructions
that in turn determine the rendering of the html document

Outline
welcome.html
(1 of 1)
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
4
5 
6 
7
8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
9 <head>
10 <title>A First Program in JavaScript</title>
11
12 <script type = "text/javascript">
13 
17 </script>
18
19 </head><body></body>
20 </html>
HTML comment tags will
result in skipping of the script
by those browsers
that do not support scripting

Outline
welcome2.html
(1 of 1)
4
5 
6 
7
9 <head>
10 <title>Printing a Line with Multiple Statements</title>
11
13 
18 </script>
19
21 </html>
Escape character in combination
with quotation mark: ” will result
in insertion of a quotation mark in
the string that is actually written
by JavaScript

Outline
welcome3.html
1 of 1
4
6 
7
9 <head><title>Printing Multiple Lines</title>
10
12 
16 </script>
17
19 </html>
New line of the html document
in a browser is determined by an
html <br /> element

Outline
welcome4.html
1 of 1
4
6 
7
9 <head><title>Printing Multiple Lines in a Dialog Box</title>
10
12 
15 </script>
16
17 </head>
18
19 <body>
20 <p>Click Refresh (or Reload) to run this script again.</p>
21 </body>
22 </html>
alert method of the wind
object displays a Dialog box

Introduction to Scripting programming Language.

Common Escape Sequences
Escape sequence Description
n Newline. Position the screen cursor at the beginning of the next line.
t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop.
r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the
current line; do not advance to the next line. Any characters output
after the carriage return overwrite the characters previously output on
that line.
Backslash. Used to represent a backslash character in a string.
" Double quote. Used to represent a double quote character in a string
contained in double quotes. For example,
window.alert( ""in quotes"" );
displays "in quotes" in an alert dialog.
' Single quote. Used to represent a single quote character in a string. For
example,
window.alert( ''in quotes'' );
displays 'in quotes' in an alert dialog.
Fig. 7.5 Some common escape sequences.

Dynamic Pages
 A script can adapt the content based on explicit input
from the user or other information
– System clock: Time of day
– Hidden input
– Cookies
 User input can be collected by invoking the prompt
method of a window object
– This will display a dialog box that prompts user for input

Outline
welcome5.html
(1 of 2)
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
4
6 
7
9 <head>
10 <title>Using Prompt and Alert Boxes</title>
11
13 
22 </script>
JavaScript is a loosely typed language. Variables
take on any data type depending on the value
assigned.

 Value returned by the prompt
method of the window object is
assigned to the variable name
“+” symbol can
be used for text
concatenation as
well as arithmetic
operator

Outline
23
24 </head>
25
26 <body>
28 </body>
29 </html>

Fig. 7.7 Prompt dialog displayed by the window object’s prompt method.
This is the prompt
to the user.
This is the default value that
appears when the dialog
opens.
This is the text field in which
the user types the value.
When the user clicks OK, the value
typed by the user is returned to the
program as a string.
If the user clicks
Cancel, the null
value will be returned
to the program and no
value will be assigned
to the variable.

Simple Script Example: Adding Integers
 The values of numbers to be added are obtained as user inputs
colleted through the window.prompt method
 parseInt
– Converts its string argument to an integer
– What happens if the conversion is not done?
 See example on our web site
 NaN (not a number): value returned if non-numerical
values are passed to the paresInt method

Outline
Addition.html
(1 of 2)
4
5 
6 
7
9 <head>
10 <title>An Addition Program</title>
11
13 <!--
14 var firstNumber, // first string entered by user
15 secondNumber, // second string entered by user
16 number1, // first number to add
17 number2, // second number to add
18 sum; // sum of number1 and number2
19
20 // read in first number from user as a string
21 firstNumber =
22 window.prompt( "Enter first integer", "0" );
23

Outline
Addition.html
(2 of 2)
24 // read in second number from user as a string
25 secondNumber =
26 window.prompt( "Enter second integer", "0" );
27
28 // convert numbers from strings to integers
29 number1 = parseInt( firstNumber );
30 number2 = parseInt( secondNumber );
31
32 // add the numbers
33 sum = number1 + number2;
34
35 // display the results
36 document.writeln( "<h1>The sum is " + sum + "</h1>" );
37 // -->
38 </script>
39
40 </head>
41 <body>
42 <p>Click Refresh (or Reload) to run the script again</p>
43 </body>
44 </html>

Arithmetic Operators and order of evaluation
JavaScript
operation
Arithmetic
operator
Algebraic
expression
JavaScript
expression
Addition + f + 7 f + 7
Subtraction - p – c p - c
Multiplication * bm b * m
Division / x / y or or x y x / y
Remainder % r mod s r % s
Fig. 7.12Arithmetic operators.
Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)
*, / or % Multiplication
Division
Modulus
Evaluated first. If there are several such operations,
they are evaluated from left to right.
+ or - Addition
Subtraction
Evaluated last. If there are several such operations,
they are evaluated from left to right.
Fig. 7.13Precedence of arithmetic operators.
x
y
--
Always use parentheses to ensure desired order of evaluation: (a + b) / 6

Relational (Inequality and Equality) Operators
Standard algebraic
equality operator or
relational operator
JavaScript equality
or relational
operator
Sample
JavaScript
condition
Meaning of
JavaScript
condition
Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
? != x != y x is not equal to y
Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
>= x >= y x is greater than or
equal to y
<= x <= y x is less than or
equal to y
Fig. 7.15Equality and relational operators.


Do NOT confuse relational equality operator “==“ with an assignment operator “=“

Outline
welcome6.html
(1 of 3)
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
4
6 
7
9 <head>
10 <title>Using Relational Operators</title>
11
13 <!--
14 var name, // string entered by the user
15 now = new Date(), // current date and time
16 hour = now.getHours(); // current hour (0-23)
17
18 // read the name from the prompt box as a string
19 name = window.prompt( "Please enter your name", "GalAnt" );
20
21 // determine whether it is morning
22 if ( hour < 12 )
23 document.write( "<h1>Good Morning, " );
24
“now” is a new instance of
JavaScript native object Date.
It can invoke all the methods of
that object class
Note that conversion to integer
type was not needed when the
value was returned by the
getHours method

Outline
welcome6.html
(2 of 3)
25 // determine whether the time is PM
26 if ( hour >= 12 )
27 {
28 // convert to a 12 hour clock
29 hour = hour - 12;
30
31 // determine whether it is before 6 PM
32 if ( hour < 6 )
33 document.write( "<h1>Good Afternoon, " );
34
35 // determine whether it is after 6 PM
36 if ( hour >= 6 )
37 document.write( "<h1>Good Evening, " );
38 }
39
40 document.writeln( name +
41 ", welcome to JavaScript programming!</h1>" );
42 // -->
43 </script>
44
45 </head>
46

Outline
welcome6.html
(3 of 3)
47 <body>
49 </body>
50 </html>

Order of Precedence for the Basic
Operators
Operators Associativity Type
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
= right to left assignment
Fig. 7.17 Precedence and associativity of the
operators discussed so far.
highest
lowest

Introduction to Scripting programming Language.

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