Introduction to Social Sciences

CULTURE
Presented to: col. ijaz

CULTURE
 It is defined as the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of
people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and
art.
 Example: PAKISTANI CULTURE
“A beautiful blend of Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan, Baloch, Seraiki and Kashmiri
culture etc.
This also includes part of contemporary Islamic Civilization which draws its
value and traditions from Islam and rich Islamic history”

MULTICULTURALISM
Co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural
groups accumulated in terms of behaviors, values, pattern of thinking,
communicative styles etc.
 FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE:
 Culture is learned
 Culture is shared
 Culture is continuous
 Culture is transmitted

SINDHI CULTURE KASHMIRI CULTURE PUNJABI CULTURE

BALOCHI CULTURE SERAIKI CULTURE PASHTUN CULTURE

SHARED BELIEFS IN CULTURE
 Taiwan and China- The louder, the better
A sign in politeness in culture, when you burp you are consider as
complementing chef or sending good vibes to chef, while in England burping is
considered frowned upon.
 Singapore and France- Chewing Gum
Public gum chewing gum is bad, since 1992 when residents grew tired of
scraping the sticky stuff off, if someone caught selling or chewing gum can be
charged with a $100,000 or prison sentence of up to 2 years.

CULTURE AND THE NATURE OF SOCIETY
Relationship
between people
and environment
Culture is what
differentiates one
group or society
from the next,
different societies
have different
cultures.
Different societies
have different
cultures; a culture
represents the
beliefs and
practices of a
group, while
society represents
the people who
share those beliefs
and practices.
Material culture
refers to the
objects or
belongings of a
group of people,
such as
automobiles,
stores, and the
physical structures
where people
Nonmaterial
culture, in contrast,
consists of the
ideas, attitudes,
and beliefs of a
society.

CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN HUMAN SOCIETIES
Culture consists of the beliefs,
behaviors, objects, and other
characteristics common to the
members of a particular group
or society
Through culture,
people and groups
define themselves,
and contribute to
society
Culture
includes many
societal aspects
Language
Custom Tools Products
Organization
and Institutions

CULTURE AND
ITS ROLE IN
HUMAN
SOCIETIES
Later term institution refers to clusters of
rules and cultural meanings associated
with specific social activities. Common
institutions are the family, education,
religion, work, and health care
Being cultured means being
well‐educated, knowledgeable of the
arts, stylish, and well‐mannered
Culture and society are intricately
related
A culture consists of the “objects” of a
society, whereas a society consists of
the people who share a common
culture
When the terms culture and society first
acquired their current meanings, most
people in the world worked and lived in
small groups in the same locale.

Elements
of
Culture
Norms
Cognitiv
Elements
Beliefs
Symbols
Values
Languag
e

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• Language is a medium or an instrument which is used to express one’s
view and to keep forward one’s opinion.
• A group of words or ideas having common meaning and is shared to a
social situation is called language.
• Culture is a system of symbols. Symbols are anything used to represent
express and stand for an event situation. Symbols direct to guide our
behavior. It is used to show an event of past, present or future.
• For example the heap of ash show that the something has been burnt or
the wet street shows that it has rained

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• Rules and the guidelines which specify the behavior of an individual.
• keep a person within the boundary of society and its culture
• Folkways: Normal and habitual action of people within a culture
• Mores: customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary expectation.
• Values are what we like and what we say will in our society values are the good idea and thinking of
person. Value of some materials, sometimes, are received and taught by parents to their children

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• Norms, values, standards and expectations that a culture has generated for its
participation.
• For example concept of God Shiva to Hindus, Sikh wear bangle in one hand, bear a
long beard, Cross for Christians and a necklace or a cotton thread around the neck.
• Elements of culture through which an individual learn how to cope with an existing
situation whether natural or social. These qualities are learned by children and
to them, by their parents.

CULTURAL INTEGRATION
 Cultural integration is a form of cultural
exchange in which one group assumes the
beliefs, practices and rituals of another
group without sacrificing the characteristics
of its own culture
Or
 Cultural integrations refers to several
cultures coming together to form a new,
multicultural society and each culture keeps
its character, features and value.

CULTURE:
Refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible aspects of social life. According
to sociologists, culture consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language,
communication, and practices that people share in common and that can be used to
define them as a collective.
• NON MATERIAL ASPECTS OF CULTURE:
Values and beliefs, language and communication, knowledge, common sense,
assumptions, and expectations. It is also the rules, norms, laws, and morals that
society
and practices that are shared in common by a group of people.
• MATERIAL ASPECTS OF CULTURE:
Material culture is composed of the things that humans make and use. This aspect of
culture includes a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets, and
clothing, to film, music, literature, and art.

SOCIETY:
A society is a grouping of individuals,
which is characterized by common
interest and may have
distinctive culture and institutions.
EXAMPLE:
Such as Western society. An organized
group of people associated together for
religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific,
political, patriotic, or other purposes may
also be considered a society.

SOCIAL CHANGE:
Social change refers to any significant
alteration over time in behavior patterns
and cultural values and norms. By
“significant” alteration.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE:
 Technological and Economic Changes
 Modernization
 Urbanization
 Bureaucratization
 Conflict and Competition
 Political and Legal Power
 Ideology
 Evolution

THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
THEORY OF DETERMINATION:
According to this theory, with the passage of time society is deteriorating
and from happiness we are advancing towards dissatisfaction. They
therefore feel that social changes come due to this ever going
determination which is inevitable. They even take the help of mythology
in support of their theory.
EVOLUTION THEORY:
Charles Darwin (1859), the British biologist, who propounded the theory of
biological evolution, showed that species of organisms have evolved from
simpler organisms to the more complicated organisms through the processes
of variations and natural selection.

 CYCLIC THEORY:
It argued that societies and civilizations change according to cycles of rise,
decline and fall just as individual persons are born, mature, grow old, and die.
According to German thinker Spengler, every society has a predetermined life
cycle birth, growth, maturity and decline. Society, after passing through all
these stages of life cycle, returns to the original stage and thus the cycle begins
again.
 CONFLICT THEORY:
Conflict theorists contend that institutions and practices continue because
powerful groups have the ability to maintain the status quo. Change has a
crucial significance, since it is needed to correct social injustices and
inequalities.

 TECHNOLOGICAL THEORY:
The ‘technology’ refers to the application of knowledge to the
making of tools and the utilization of natural resources. It
involves the creation of material instruments (such as
machines) used in human interaction with nature. Machines
are the result of the knowledge gained by science but
they themselves are not technology.

FOUR MAIN FACTORS THAT CAUSE CULTURAL CHANGE
Technology
Changing Environment
New ideas
Diffusion

FACTORS THAT CAUSE CULTURAL CHANGE
Technology:
Any technological evolution in the country will bring a change their culture
also. For example, changes in production technology, changes in the means of
communication, changes in the means of transportation, etc.
Changing environment:
If the weather changes long enough, the climate will change. That affects the
kinds of food people eat, the clothes they wear, and the way they make a
living.

FACTORS THAT CAUSE CULTURAL CHANGE
New ideas:
Someone might discover that washing your hands can help prevent
illness better than performing a religious ritual.
Diffusion:
Movement of customs and ideas from one place to another.
As people move, they exchange goods and ideas.

LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL CHANGE
 Culture influences all aspects of language.
 Change in society may produce corresponding linguistic change.
 Language influence the culture with the advent of humanism new modes of speaking
and writing arose.
 The structure of language people habitually use influences the ways they think and
behave.
 The changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return

CONCLUDING LESSON
“In diversity, there’s
BEAUTY and there
is STRENGTH”

Introduction to Social Sciences

Introduction to Social Sciences

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