Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Introduction to Teacher Education-Unit 01- 8626
Introduction to Teacher Education-Unit 01- 8626
- 1.
- 2. INTRODUCTION Teacher educationis considered as plan and actions performed by the teacher educators by training and research for the teachers of all levels. Concept of teacher education may be defined as program comprising education, practical skill and research work done by the individual aimed to develop skills for teaching from primary to higher education levels. Teacher education is conceptualized as course of actions aimed to enhance the skills and competencies of teachers so that they meet the challenges of actual classrooms and future. Teachers have central place in development of the nations and all the values, norms and characters are being imparted to students through teachers.
- 3. Teacher Education Impartingknowledge, skills and dispositions to individuals focused to develop their capacities for teaching is considered as teacher education. Teacher education equips pre and in-service teachers with the professional knowledge and skills necessary to educate others in general or specialized subjects. Teacher training generally perceived as training of the teachers in the formal teachers training institutions. In general, it does not refer to informal learning attainted by the individual that may be part of a teacher's work or career.
- 4. Teacher training coversteaching skills, solid pedagogical theory and professional skills
- 5. Cont… Teaching skills Teachingskills would include providing training and practice in the various Teaching skills would include providing training and practice in the different techniques, approaches and techniques that would help teachers plan and deliver instruction, provide appropriate reinforcement and perform effective assessments. Pedagogical theory Pedagogical theory includes philosophical, sociological, and psychological considerations that would allow teachers to have a strong foundation for practicing teaching skills in the classroom. The theory is specific to each level and is based on the requirements and needs that are characteristic of that level.
- 6. Cont… Professional skills Professionalskills include techniques, approaches and strategies that emphasize teachers to take interest in profession. In professional skills there are interpersonal skills, advisory skills, interpersonal skills, IT skills, and information retrieval and management skills and, above all, lifelong learning skills are included. An amalgam of teaching skills, pedagogical theory and professional skills would serve to create the correct knowledge, aptitude and skills in teachers, thus promoting holistic development.
- 7. Nature of TeacherEducation Teacher education is conceptualized as subject knowledge, pedagogical skill and the dispositions of the individual. It aims to impart knowledge to the students with appropriate skills so that learning becomes easier for them. Teachers responsible to impart and transmit knowledge of pedagogy to prospective teachers are known as teacher educators (or, in some contexts, teacher trainers). Teacher education is ideally categorized in three stages. 1. Pre Service Teacher Education 2. Induction Training (aimed to familiarize the newly inducted teachers with the context and teaching learning environment) 3. Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
- 8. Pre- Service/Initial TeacherEducation Across the globe pre-service/initial teacher education is provided through higher education institutions and is based on two major models. a) In the "consecutive" model, a teacher first obtains a grade in one or more subjects (often a degree), then studies for an additional period to obtain an additional qualification in teaching. b) In the alternative "competitor" model, prospective teacher gain both subject matter knowledge and the pedagogical skills simultaneously. This helps him/her to get degree or certificate for teaching of specific subject.
- 9. Continuous Professional Development Because the world, which teachers are preparing young people to enter, is changing so rapidly, and because the required teaching skills evolve in the same way, no initial teacher education course can be enough to prepare a teacher for a career of 30 or 40 years. Furthermore, as the student body continues to change due to demographic problems, pressures continue on academics to master their subjects but also to understand their students. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is the process by which teachers (like other professionals) reflect on their skills, keep them updated and develop them further.
- 10. Triangular Basis ofTeacher Education The construction of the relevant knowledge base for each level of the training requires a high degree of academic and intellectual understanding of the subject related to teacher training at each level. This implies the selection of theoretical knowledge from disciplines related to education, namely psychology, sociology and philosophy, and their conversion into appropriate forms for teacher training. Teacher training derives its content from the disciplines of Philosophy, Sociology and Psychology. These disciplines provide the basis for a better understanding and application of teacher education.
- 11. Important Objectives ofTeacher Education Subject Matter Knowledge: Pedagogic Skills Learner Psychology Developing attitude towards teaching Self Confidence in Teaching Empowering Learners Understanding Individual differences
- 12. Application of Oldand New Methods of Teaching Teaching Method A teacher uses different teaching methods and principles for instruction to achieve the desired learning by students. Subject matter to be taught and the nature of the learner determine these strategies. Now a days student centered environment in school encourages a lot of creativity. It is a recognized fact that man’s development arises through logical reasoning. This rational thinking improves creativeness. Approaches for teaching can be generally divided into two kinds
- 13. Cont… Teacher CenteredApproach Student-Centered Approach Pre-technology education/ Conventional Education Lecture Method Classroom Discussion Learning Process through Multimedia Hands-on activities
- 14. Ideological Basis ofEducation in Pakistan An ideology is a combination of thoughts, ideas and principles. It is the procedure of rational thinking. It is a complete and inclusive vision to numerous features of life to regulate one's ways. States which are grounded on diverse ideologies symbolize diverse features. Ideological contents of an Islamic State are: i. Allah is Sovereign ii. Man is a vicegerent of Allah iii. State has an illustrative character iv. State is answerable for the well-being of man
- 15. Philosophical/ ideological Foundation It is concerned with beliefs. What is real --- ONTOLOGY What is true --- EPISTEMOLOGY What is good – AXIOLOGY
- 16. Philosophical/ ideological Implications onCurriculum Ideology directs the curriculum developer about the kind of objectives that should be included in the curriculum, the learning experiences which are appropriate and kind of content that should be part of the curriculum, and the process and method of curriculum evaluation (Rud, Yard and Urruh, 2009). The justifications for philosophical implications are as under; Different principles, traditions, customs and knowledge that are essential to be preserved and that should be transferred to the next generation. Knowledge of past is necessary for the students for adaptation and adjustment to new changes and new situation in life in which they live. It helps them in the process of modification.
- 17. Psychological Foundations Sinceall the learners have their own distinctive personalities, their learning style and skills are also different from one another. When they are not same in nature, they can’t be taught through same teaching methodology. Some learners can easily understand the information conveyed to them whereas some learners are slow. That’s why curriculum should be designed keeping in the individual differences of the learners. Abilities, aptitude and potentialities of all the students should be focused. Knowledge of Psychology can perform a dynamic part in the educational practice. For all kinds of educational associated program. Psychology supports all the procedures in the developmental practice of the curriculum.
- 18. Socio Cultural Foundation According to Print (1993), “the society and culture exercise massive powers on the formation curriculum and the reason behind that it was society who created schooling to safeguard the survival of their cultural heritage, and survival of their species.” The social and national stimulations influence curriculum. Curriculum designers and curriculum developer consciously and unconsciously are affected deeply by socio cultural foundation and it is obvious from the curriculum that their influence is profound. For example in Pakistan curriculum is designed in such a way that is a reflection of the society and civilization of the country and that leads society to change. Curriculum and society both are integrated and one cannot be separated from the other.
- 19. The Concept ofGuidance and Counseling The procedure of guidance is continuous. It provides the direction to fulfill the requirements of all students. The process of Counseling helps the students to comprehend themselves and their issues related to school and others. According to Shertzer and Stone (1966) guidance and counseling is an obstructive force. They (1996) note that emotional changes in this period include: frequent mood shift leading to anger, hostility, frustrations, emotional stress, embarrassment and anxiety. The emotional changes lead to resistance to authority, hyper criticalness towards adults, oversensitivity to adult suggestions regarding friends and appropriate use of time.
- 20. Guidance and counselingchallenges in the management student discipline in schools Peer influence (peer pressure) If students have same age, potential, ability and level then they are peers. Peers impact may be positive or negative. Drug, ill-treat, disobedience, indiscipline, misbehave, crime in teenage, and drop out from school are negative peer impact. Cultural practices A set of beliefs, ideas, living style, and ways of behaving of people is called culture. Different societies have different cultures on the base of their ideas, behaviors and beliefs. In some societies are facing gender and early marriages issues among student. Consequently young students facing drop out of school or indiscipline issue.
- 21. Cont… Adolescence andhealth issues Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood which is characterized by numerous changes. Most adolescents are not educated on the radical changes that occur during this stage so they are caught unaware and end up in a crisis. Drug abuse and substance abuse Tobacco, bhang, heroin, alcohol, cocaine are the most commonly drug abused. Weak performance in education, lack of interest in studies, unresponsive behavior in activities, shyness, ignore the cleanliness, reserve among peers, lack of sleep, mood swings, change in physical appearance are some indicators of drugs adductors and substance abuse.
- 22. Model of communityEducation Wisconsin Model of community Education present five elements that provide a philosophical base community Education program. Self-determination Self-help Leadership Development Localization Inclusiveness Responsiveness Lifelong Learning:
- 23. Research and Education The first method is the content of such programs may be enlightened by research-based information and endowment, emerging from a range of academic disciplines. The second method is research can be applied to develop the design and formation of the program of teacher education. The third method is teachers and educators can provide to capture with and be discriminating consumer. And the forth is teachers and educators may be provided to develop their own research work individually and collectively, to explore the effect of specific involvement or to identify the negative and positive impact of educational experiences
- 24.