Introduction to Test and Assessment

TESTING,
ASSESSING AND
TEACHING

Hello!
I am Dian Agustini, S.Pd
I am here because I love to Learn new
things and share them with you!
Find me at dian.purnomo12@gmail.com
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BRIEF SUMMARY of Content
In this presentation, the writer will explain about:
A. Assessment and teaching
 The Definition of the test.
 Assessment and Teaching
 Informal and formal assessment
 Formative and Summative Assessment
 Norm-referenced and Criterion Referenced
B. Approaches to Language Testing : A Brief History
 Discrete Points and Integrative Testing
 Communicative Language Testing
 Performance-Based Assessment
C. Current Issues in Classroom Testing
 New Views on Intelligence
 Traditional and Alternative Assessment
 Computer-Based Testing
Main Resource:
Language assessment: Principles and classroom
practices H. Douglas Brown
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“ The Test is a Method of
measuring a person’s
ability, knowledge, or
performance in given
domain
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A good test must have
Components:
1. Method (an instrument: technique, procedures or items for
test-taker)
2. Measure:
￮ general ability
￮ individual ability (who is the test taker), knowledge
(Their previous experience and background), and
performance (ability to perform language in four
skills)
￮ given domain (exe: vocabs test, pronunciation test,
etc)
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“ Sometimes, we
misunderstood by the term
assessment and test….
9

Assessment
 Ongoing
process
 Wider domain
 Assessed by self,
teacher or
friends
 incidental or
intended
Assessment and Test
Test
 Administratively
prepared
 Students responses
being measured and
evaluated
 Employ many
procedures and tasks
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Assessment in 2013
curriculum
 Assessment for
 Assessment as
 Assessment of
Learning

Questions
1. Does everyday teaching involve assessment?
2. Are teachers constantly assessing students with
no interaction that is assessment free?
11
Perspective….

Assesment and Teaching
Optimal Learning
requires freedom
experiments in the
classroom – try out
their own hypotheses
without feel they are
being judged in terms
of those trials and
errors..
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Teaching
Assesment
Test

Informal and
formal
assessment
3

Informal Assessment:
￮ Incidental
￮ Unplanned comments
￮ Responses
￮ Unrecorded
￮ Unfixed judgement
Along with learning activities
15

Formal Assessment:
￮ Planned
￮ Constructed
￮ Systematic
￮ Periodically
￮ Time constrained
￮ Draw limited sample of behaviour
￮ Reflecting students’ progress Along with learning activities
16

“ All test are formal
assessment, but not all
formal assessment is
testing…
17

Non-Test Formal Assessment :
￮ Portfolio
￮ Students’ Journal
￮ A systematic set of frequency of oral
participation
18

Formative and
Summative
Assessment
4

Formative Assessment:
Evaluating students in the process of forming their competencies
and skills with the goal of helping them continue that growth
process.
Example:
 Daily examination
 Middle term examination
 Assignment
 Oral test
20

Summative Assessment:
Is aimed to measure or summarize, what a students has grasped
and typically occurs at the end of the course or unit of instruction
Example:
 Final term Examination
 National Examination
21

“ One of the problems with
prevailing attitudes
toward testing is all test
(quizzes, periodic
reviews, mid-test, etc.)
are summative 22

Norm-Referenced
& Referenced Test
5

Norm Referenced test:
Each test taker score is interpreted in relation to mean (average
score), median (middle score), standard deviation (extent of
variance scores) and / or percentile rank.
Example:
 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)
 Test Of English as A Foreign Language (TOEFL)
Money and Efficiency are primary concerns in this test
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Criterion-Referenced Test:
Designed to provide the test-takers feedbacks, usually in the form
of grades on specific course or lesson objective
Example:
 Daily classroom test.
In the context of classroom based assessment criterion-
Referenced testing is prominent interest than norm-reflected
testing
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B.
APPROACHES TO
LANGUAGE TESTING
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Discrete Point
and
Integrative
Testing
1

“
There were two major
approaches in language
testing being debated in 1970s-
early1980s: discrete point test
and integrative testing…
29

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Discrete-Point
Test
Skills: SLRW
Language Units:
Phonology,
morphology, Syntax
Broken down the
components
Questions: Do all the language competences mentioned above are not
measured as one connected parts?

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Integrative test
Skills integrated:
SLRW
Examples: Cloze
test, Dictations
Unifying all
components of
language into tests
Unitary Trait Hypothesis: Indivisible views of language proficiency

Communicativ
e Language
Testing
2

As a response of Unitary traits hypothesis there was a new design of
language testing called Communicative Language Teaching:
Because:
￮ Integrative test: artificial, contrived, and unlikely reflect how students
use the language in real life
￮ Integrative test did not measure linguistic performance of the
students.
￮ Less Authentic
33

Then…
The new design was proposed by Bachman and Palmer (1996) based
Canale and Swain (1980) model of communicative competence.
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Communicative Language Testing
Organizational and Pragmatic competence: Grammatical
and Textual components, illocutionary and sociolinguistic
components.
Emphasized the importance of strategic competence
(employ communicative strategies ) in the proces of
communication

Performance
Based
Assessment
3

Performance based assessment of language typically involves:
￮ Oral Production
￮ Written Production
￮ Open-Ended Responses
￮ Integrated performance (across skills)
￮ Group performance
￮ Other interactive tasks
36

The Positive and Negative of PBA
 Time consuming
 Expensive
 Requires great effort
37
 Authentic
 Various task
 Real world tasks
 Interactive
 Actual performance in
language

C.
CURRENT ISSUES IN
CLASSROOM TESTING
38

“
We have lived in a world of
standardized test for many
years. However, psychologists
like Garner, Sternberg and
Goleman extended the
traditional view into seven
different components. 40

Garner introduced five other frames of mind:
￮ Spatial intelligence
￮ Musical Intelligence
￮ Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
￮ Interpersonal Intelligence (understand others)
￮ Intrapersonal Intelligence (understand self)
41

Sternberg charted new territory:
￮ Creative Thinking
￮ Manipulative strategies
Goleman:
￮ Emotional Quotient
42

The new perspectives in human intelligence, however,
challenges the experts, teachers and school to design
the test which are interpersonal, creative,
communicative, interactive and put the trust on the
subjectivity and intuition.
In English, the responsibility is broaden into whole
language skills, learning processes, and the ability to
negotiate meaning.
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Traditional and
Alternative
Assessment
2

Traditional Assessment:
￮ Focus on the right answer
￮ Product oriented
￮ Summative
￮ Non-interactive
￮ Foster extrinsic motivation
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￮ Product oriented
￮ Summative
￮ Non-interactive
￮ Foster extrinsic motivation

Alternative Assessment:
￮ Continuous long term
Assessment
￮ Untimed
￮ Free response format
￮ Individualized feedbacks
and washback
￮ Criterion-referenced
scores 46
￮ Open ended
￮ Creative answer
￮ Formative
￮ Process oriented
￮ Interactive performance
￮ Foster intrinsic motivation

“
Students receive prompts in
the form of written or spoken
stimuli from the computerized
test and are required to type or
speak their responses.
48

A specific type of computer-based test, a
Computer Adaptive Test (CAT). Each test taker
receives a set of questions that meet the test
specifications and generally appropriate for
performance level.
In CAT, the test taker sees only one
question at a time and the computer scores each
questions before selecting the next one.
The test taker sees only one question and cannot
skip question.
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Advantages of CBT:
￮ Classroom based testing
￮ Self directed testing on various aspects of language.
￮ Practice
￮ Individualization
￮ Done in large-scale standardized test
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Disadvantages of CBT:
￮ Lack of security and possibility of cheating in unsupervised
computerized test
￮ Home-grown quizzes may appear in uofficial web
￮ Mostly in multiple choices format
￮ Less in open ended questions
￮ The absence of human interactive element (oral production)
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Let’s review some concepts
TEST
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ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT AND TEACHING
FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE
ASSESSMENT DISCRETE AND
INTEGRATIVE TESTING
CLT
PERFORMANCE-BASED
ASSESSMENT
NEW VIEWS IN INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTER-BASED TESTING

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Introduction to Test and Assessment

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