2. The most profound technologies are those that
disappear. They weave themselves into the
fabric of everyday life until they are
indistinguishable from it.
- The late Mark Weiser, Father of Ubiquitous Computing and Chief
Technologist of Xerox PARC
3. Wireless Sensors
Small
microcontroller
8 kB code
512 B data
Simple, low-power
radio
10 kbps ASK
EEPROM (32 KB)
Simple sensors
WeC 99
“Smart Rock”
Mica 1/02
NEST open exp. Platform
128 kB code, 4 kB data
40kbps OOK/ASK radio
512 kB Flash
Rene 11/00
Designed for
experimentation
-sensor boards
-power boards
Dot 9/01
Demonstrate
scale
Spec 6/03
“Mote on
a chip”
Telos 4/04
Robust
Low Power
250kbps
Easy to use
Mica2 12/02
38.4kbps radio
FSK
Tiny sensing devices capable of wireless communication
4. What are sensor
networks
spatially distributed sensors to monitor
conditions at different locations, such as
temperature, sound, vibration, pressure,
motion or pollutants.
12. SQL
• Underlying routing protocol transparent
to user
• Some routing protocols are considered
to be aggregation protocols (implicit
aggregation)
13. Sensor Database
• SQL type interface
– SELECT avg(temperature), room,
FROM sensors
WHERE building = “Nedderman Hall”
ORDER BY temperature
GROUP BY room
SAMPLING PERIOD 10 min
14. SQL type interfaces
• Cougar
• TinyDB
Approximations
Query Propagation
Data Centric Storage
Aging Data
17. Different types of queries
• Fully aggregated queries
• Un-aggregated queries
• Partially aggregated queries
18. Fully aggregated queries
Theorem: Finding maximum lifetime
routing tree for fully aggregated queries
with reception costs is NP-complete.
Similar to Minimum Degree Spanning
Tree(MDST) which is known to be NP-
complete
19. Un-aggregated queries
Theorem: Finding maximum lifetime
routing tree for unaggregated queries is
NP-complete.
Reduced from decision problem for SET-
COVER.
20. Partially aggregated
queries
Can be reduced to unaggregated queries
Approximation algorithms used to solve
the unaggregated routing tree problem
can be adapted.
21. Active areas in WSN
• Routing
• Topology control
• Data management, aggregation and query
• MAC protocols
• Target tracking, resource discovery
• Monitoring and maintenance
• Sensor validation
• Power issues
• Coverage and Connectivity
23. References
[1] Cedric Florens and Robert McEliece, “Packet Distribution Algorithms for Sensor Networks”, IEEE INFOCOM 2003.
[2] Samuel Madden, Robert Szewczyk, Michael J. Franklin and David Culler, “Supporting Aggregate Queries Over Ad-Hoc Wireless
Sensor Networks”,
[3] Sartaj Sahni and Xiaochun Xu, Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks.
[4] Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey.
[5] Bhaskar Krishnamachari, D Estrin, Stephen Wicker, Modeling Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.
[6] S.S Iyengar, Richard R. Brooks, “Distributed Sensor Networks”, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
[7] Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless
microsensors networks,” in 33rd Annual Hawaii International conference on System Sciences.
[8] David Braginsky and Deborah Estrin, “Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks,” in First ACM International Workshop on
Wireless Sensor Networks and Application.
[9] Y.Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing,” in Proceedings of the Seventh
Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001.
[10] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris, “SPAN: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance
in ad-hoc wireless networks,” ACM Wireless Networks Journal, September 2002.
[11] Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks, an Information Processing Approach”.
[12] Yong Yao, J. E. Gehrke. The Cougar Approach to In-Network Query Processing in Sensor Networks. Sigmod Record, Volume 31,
Number 3. September 2002.
[13] Yong Yao, J. E. Gehrke. Query Processing in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference on Innovative Data
Systems Research (CIDR 2003). Asilomar, California, January 2003.
[14] Xiuli Ma, Dongqing Yang, Shiwei Tang, Qiong Luo, Dehui Zhang, and Shuangfeng Li. Online Mining in Sensor Networks. NPC
2004: 544-550
[15] Chiranjeeb Buragohain, Divyakant Agrawal, and Subhash Suri, Power Aware Routing for Sensor Databases.
![References
[1] Cedric Florens and Robert McEliece, “Packet Distribution Algorithms for Sensor Networks”, IEEE INFOCOM 2003.
[2] Samuel Madden, Robert Szewczyk, Michael J. Franklin and David Culler, “Supporting Aggregate Queries Over Ad-Hoc Wireless
Sensor Networks”,
[3] Sartaj Sahni and Xiaochun Xu, Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks.
[4] Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey.
[5] Bhaskar Krishnamachari, D Estrin, Stephen Wicker, Modeling Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.
[6] S.S Iyengar, Richard R. Brooks, “Distributed Sensor Networks”, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
[7] Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless
microsensors networks,” in 33rd Annual Hawaii International conference on System Sciences.
[8] David Braginsky and Deborah Estrin, “Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks,” in First ACM International Workshop on
Wireless Sensor Networks and Application.
[9] Y.Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing,” in Proceedings of the Seventh
Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001.
[10] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris, “SPAN: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance
in ad-hoc wireless networks,” ACM Wireless Networks Journal, September 2002.
[11] Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks, an Information Processing Approach”.
[12] Yong Yao, J. E. Gehrke. The Cougar Approach to In-Network Query Processing in Sensor Networks. Sigmod Record, Volume 31,
Number 3. September 2002.
[13] Yong Yao, J. E. Gehrke. Query Processing in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference on Innovative Data
Systems Research (CIDR 2003). Asilomar, California, January 2003.
[14] Xiuli Ma, Dongqing Yang, Shiwei Tang, Qiong Luo, Dehui Zhang, and Shuangfeng Li. Online Mining in Sensor Networks. NPC
2004: 544-550
[15] Chiranjeeb Buragohain, Divyakant Agrawal, and Subhash Suri, Power Aware Routing for Sensor Databases.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontowsn-250807172643-98f87a91/85/Introduction-to-Wireless-sensor-network-ppt-23-320.jpg)
