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Introduction-construction management_Construction Management (2180611) (Semester-8), Civil Engineering
- 1. Prepared by Prof. AshishMakwana Civil Engineering Dept. - MEFGI Prof. Ashish Makwana 1
- 2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE… 1. Construction Project 2.Phases of a Construction Project 3. Importance of Construction and Construction Industry 4. Indian Construction Industry 5. Construction Management 6. Importance of Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Projects Prof. Ashish Makwana 2
- 3. CONSTRUCTION PROJECT Project A Projectis defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results. Product The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc. Prof. Ashish Makwana 3
- 4. Construction projects Construction projectsinvolve varying manpower and their duration can range from a few weeks to more than five years. Each construction project is ‘unique’ and ‘temporary’ in nature and so is the management involved. Prof. Ashish Makwana 4
- 5. Construction projects Unique Featuresof a Construction Project One time activity A start and finish Complexity Involvement of several people on an adhoc basis Limited set of resources High cost A time frame for completion Prof. Ashish Makwana 5
- 6. High risk offailure Difficulty in defining quality standards Sequencing of activities and phases No practice/rehearsals Uniqueness of people relationship Lack of experience of client/owner Feedback mechanism High level of subcontracting Uncertainty exists Prof. Ashish Makwana 6
- 7. PHASES OF A CONSTRUCTIONPROJECT Briefing stage Designing stage Tendering stage Construction stage Commissioning stage Prof. Ashish Makwana 7
- 8. 1. Briefing stage •This stage is also called the ‘Report stage’. • It is the stage where ideas originated by individuals are studied with regard to cost and benefits so as to establish the economic viability/social utility of a project. Purpose • The purpose of the briefing stage is to enable the client to specify project functions and permissible costs. Prof. Ashish Makwana 8
- 9. Activities (Briefing stage) •To appoint a project committee, if necessary. • To appoint a project manager who will have a continuing responsibility to the client through out the construction project. • To carry out technical and non-technical investigation so that alternative proposals may be given due consideration. • To study the various alternatives and identify the most feasible one. • To prepare the project report which is the outcome of the first stage. Prof. Ashish Makwana 9
- 10. Feasibility report • Technicalanalysis • Economic analysis • Financial analysis • Ecological analysis Prof. Ashish Makwana 10
- 11. 2. Designing stage •It is a very important stage in the field of construction because any modification of the project after this stage would prove expensive. • A realistic and detailed cost estimate of the project can be prepared during the design stage. Purpose • The purpose of this stage is to complete the project summary and determine the method of construction and estimated costs so as to obtain necessary approvals from the client. Prof. Ashish Makwana 11
- 12. Activities (Designing stage) •To develop the project summary for the final adoption of the most suitable alternative. • To carry out technical investigations such as, – Soil investigation – Topographic investigation – Materials surveys – Market surveys • To prepare detailed design, working drawings, specifications, bill of quantities, final cost estimate and preliminary construction programme. Prof. Ashish Makwana 12
- 13. 3. Tendering stage •During this stage tenders are invited and the contract is awarded at the best available terms agreed mutually between the owner’s team and the contractors. Purpose • The purpose of the tendering stage is to appoint a contractor who will undertake the construction work on the most suitable terms and conditions of quality, cost and completion time. Prof. Ashish Makwana 13
- 14. Activities (Tendering stage) •To invite tenders from the contractors for the construction work and to award the contract. • Pre-qualification of contractors involves an investigation of the potential of contractor’s financial, managerial and physical resources, contractor’s experience of handling similar projects, etc. • To prepare contract documents, to be signed by the client and the contractor. • Holding a pre-bid conference and providing the necessary information. Prof. Ashish Makwana 14
- 15. Activities (Tendering stage) •Negotiating contract price with qualified contractor. • Reviewing documents submitted by contractor. Prof. Ashish Makwana 15
- 16. 4. Construction stage •The construction stage involves the execution of construction work as per the design, drawing and within agreed limits of time, cost and specified quality. Construction Planning Activities • Construction schedule • Manpower schedule • Material delivery schedule • Plant and equipment schedule Prof. Ashish Makwana 16
- 17. Control of siteoperations Activities • Supply of materials and equipment • Supervision for quality control • Co-ordination among sub-contractors • Supervision for quality control • Supply of necessary drawings Prof. Ashish Makwana 17
- 18. 5. Commissioning stage •It is the stage in which the performance of the structure is evaluated and the proposed nature of maintenance and repair are considered. Purpose • The purpose of this stage is to ensure that the construction work has been carried out as per the drawing and specifications and all the facilities developed function properly as envisaged in the design. Prof. Ashish Makwana 18
- 19. Activities (Commissioning stage) •To keep various records of actual work. • To inspect the construction work thoroughly and have any defects rectifies. • To prepare operating instructions and maintenance manuals. • To carry out tests for performance, such as water tightness, strength etc. Prof. Ashish Makwana 19
- 20. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION ANDCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY • Construction is an important part of real estate and infrastructure such as: • Real estate – Residential – Industrial – Corporate – Commercial Prof. Ashish Makwana 20
- 21. • Infrastructure – Roads –Railways – Urban infrastructure – Ports – Airports – Power • The importance of construction can be gauged from the fact that cost of construction of certain infrastructure projects may be as high as 60 to 80% of the total project cost. Prof. Ashish Makwana 21
- 22. • Construction isrecognized as the basic input for socio-economic development of a country. • Since construction industry is dependent on a number of industries, its growth in other industries as well. – Development of building materials industry – Development of construction equipments industry Prof. Ashish Makwana 22
- 23. • Construction productssuch as buildings, bridges, roads, power plants have a long life as compared to the products of other industries. Prof. Ashish Makwana 23
- 24. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Factorsin favour of Indian construction industry • Availability of cheap labour • Availability of qualified professionals • Large number of construction companies • Actual shortage of housing • Boost from the government • Growth in industrial sector Prof. Ashish Makwana 24
- 25. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY(continued..) Factors against the Indian construction industry • Low productivity • Low ratio of skilled to unskilled workers • High cost of finance • Complicated tax structure • Presence of small contractors who lack financial and technology backup • Negligible investment in R & D • Competition from multinational companies Prof. Ashish Makwana 25
- 26. Investment Opportunities inConstruction in India • Construction development in residential, retail, commercial and hospitality sectors • Technology and solutions for smart sustainable cities • Technology for the promotion of low cost housing • Green building solutions • Smart cities • Sustainable and environmental friendly building materialsProf. Ashish Makwana 26
- 27. • Training andSkill development of construction sector workers • Urban water supply, Sewage, Sewage treatment, Solid waste management Prof. Ashish Makwana 27
- 28. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT • ProjectManagement is the art and science of mobilising and managing people, materials, equipment and money to complete the assigned project work on time, within budgeted costs and specified technical performance standards. • Construction Management may be defined as the management in which group of people of different categories works together, to execute the project economically without affecting the quality in a well planned and organised manner.Prof. Ashish Makwana 28
- 29. Scope of ConstructionManagement • Planning and estimating • Execution of works • Financial management • Material management • Equipment management • Labour management • Site layout • Equipments and Materials plant location • Labour relationships • Industrial psychology for smooth flow of work Prof. Ashish Makwana 29
- 30. Need of ConstructionManagement • Co-ordination between different agencies • Economy in Construction • Development of management and machinery • Speed of Construction • Quality Control of materials and workmanship Prof. Ashish Makwana 30
- 31. Objectives of ConstructionManagement • Completing the work within estimated budget. • Completing the work within specified time. • The Quality and workmanship should be better. • The work should be executed as per specification. • Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers. • Taking sound decisions at the lowest practical management level through delegation of authority. • Motivating people to give their best within their capacities. • Creating an organisation that works as a team. • Achieving economy in the construction.Prof. Ashish Makwana 31
- 32. Phases / Functionsof Construction Management • Planning and Scheduling • Organising • Staffing • Directing • Controlling • Co-ordinating • Communication Prof. Ashish Makwana 32
- 33. Planning - Planninginvolves formulation of a number of alternative of realistic work plans for achieving specified objectives and finally selecting a plan which is best suited from the standpoint of available resources and constraints imposed upon the project. • Planning is the administrative process which translates the policy into a method of achieving the objectives. • How a project will be carried out? • What materials will be used? • What equipment and machineries will be utilized? • What men and staff will be employed? ‘What to do?’ and ‘How to do?’ Prof. Ashish Makwana 33
- 34. Scheduling - Schedulingis the fitting of the final work plan to a time scale. It shows the duration and order of various construction activities. ‘When to do?’ • Time plan • Resources plan • Plan for controlling project • Schedule of design and drawing preparation • Work quantities • Progress of work planned • Resource allocations • Budget costs Prof. Ashish Makwana 34
- 35. Organising – Organisingis concerned with division of the total construction work into manageable sections and systematically arranging various operations by delegating specific tasks to individuals. Staffing – Organising involve the division of the project work into sections and staffing is the provision of people to fill the positions so created. • Staffing functions- Recruiting the right people, Arranging staff training courses, Carrying out proper staff assessment Prof. Ashish Makwana 35
- 36. Directing – Thedirecting function is concerned with training sub-ordinates to carry out assigned tasks, supervising their work and guiding their efforts. • The essence of directing lies in the ability to motivate people individually and as groups to utilize their creative efforts in achieving specified objectives. Controlling – Controlling is necessary for ensuring effective and efficient working. • It involves a constant review of the work plan to check on actual achievements and to discover and rectify deviations through appropriate corrective measures. Prof. Ashish Makwana 36
- 37. Co-ordinating – Thisis a process where the framework of the organization is made to operate smoothly with the flow of information, decisions and results in every direction. Prof. Ashish Makwana 37
- 38. Importance of Planning,Scheduling and Controlling projects Prof. Ashish Makwana 38
- 39. Planning • Planning aimsat formulation of a time based plan of action for co-ordinating various activities and resources to achieve specified objectives. • Planning is the process of developing the project plan. Benefits (Planning) • Project plan clearly defines project’s scope of work. • Project plan aids the management in performing its functions efficiently and effectively. • Project plan identifies critical activities. • Project plan provides the yard-stick for measuring progress and evaluating resources performance. Prof. Ashish Makwana 39
- 40. Benefits (Planning)… • Aproject plan maintains continuity of work, specially when project organisation is temporary and its staffing is transient in nature. • Project plans provide the basis of coordinating the efforts of clients, consultants, architects, designers, quantity surveyors, suppliers, contractors and the project staff. • Project plan creates healthy environment. • It commits individuals to tasks and motivates them to achieve challenging targets. Prof. Ashish Makwana 40
- 41. Benefits (Scheduling) • Schedulesimplify a project plan. • Schedule validates time objectives. • Schedule aids in the optimization of resources employed. • Schedule enables forecasting of input resources like man, materials and machinery. • Schedule brings out implications of time and resources constraints. Prof. Ashish Makwana 41
- 42. Benefits (Controlling) • Thecontrol system aids the management at various levels to perform its functions efficiently and effectively for achieving the overall project objectives. Benefits (At each level of management for Controlling) (a) Operational control at supervisory level (b) Administrative control at managerial level (c) Directional Control at General Manager (GM) / Project Manager (PM) level (d) Strategic control at corporate level Prof. Ashish Makwana 42
- 43. Benefits (At eachlevel of management for Controlling)… (a) Operational control at supervisory level • Minimizing unproductive man hours • Preventing wastage of materials • Economizing plant and machinery utilization • Reducing activity execution time Prof. Ashish Makwana 43
- 44. (b) Administrative controlat managerial level • Updating the work quantities status and determining the balance scope of work • Analyzing project time status • Evaluating production cost status and forecasting future trends • Calculating income status and forecasting cash inflows • Computing budget status and forecasting cash inflows Prof. Ashish Makwana 44
- 45. (c) Directional Controlat General Manager (GM) / Project Manager (PM) level • Analyzing project time – cost behaviour and making decisions on time saving when required • Reviewing project cost and profitability, and making profitability improvement decisions • Auditing management’s performance (d) Strategic control at corporate level • Determining overall profitability • Budgeting and allocating funds and resources • Updating the company’s planning norms and unit rates for securing future works Prof. Ashish Makwana 45
- 46. Construction Project Categories •Building construction • Infrastructure construction • Industrial construction • Special – purpose projects Prof. Ashish Makwana 46
- 47. Building construction • Residentialbuildings • Commercial buildings • Educational buildings • Recreational buildings • Hospitals and hotels • Warehouse and marketing facilities Prof. Ashish Makwana 47
- 48. Infrastructure construction • Highwaysand expressways • Dams and canals • Airports • Railways • Bridges • Oil / gas pipelines • Large water supply and sewerage networks • Docks and harbours • Nuclear and thermal power plants Prof. Ashish Makwana 48
- 49. Industrial construction • Constructionof steel plants • Petroleum refineries • Chemical and Fertilizer plants • Consumer goods factories • Automobile and aircraft industry Prof. Ashish Makwana 49
- 50. Special – purposeprojects • Environmental works • Emergencies • Remedial works • Installation and commissioning of equipment Classification of projects based on completion time • Large duration projects (over 10 years) • Medium duration projects (3 to 10 years) • Short duration projects (few months to 3 years) • Special short term projects (less than 1 year) Prof. Ashish Makwana 50
- 51. Classification of projectsbased on project value • Mega value projects (say over $1000 million) • Large value projects ($ 100 million to $ 1000 million) • Medium value projects ($ 10 million to $ 100 million) • Small value projects (less than $ 10 million) Prof. Ashish Makwana 51
- 52. Classification of projectsbased on plant and equipment Light Construction • Residential buildings • Educational buildings • Recreational buildings • Commercial buildings • Schools, hotels • Small bridges, water tanks • Shopping centers Prof. Ashish Makwana 52
- 53. Classification of projectsbased on plant and equipment… Heavy Construction • Dams, barrages, tunnels • Highways, railways, airports • Harbours • Multispan bridges with well / pile foundations Prof. Ashish Makwana 53
- 54. Resources for ConstructionIndustry • Man power • Money • Materials • Machinery Prof. Ashish Makwana 54
- 55. Resources for ConstructionIndustry • Man power – Man power in the form of technical and managerial personnel and work force in various trades is essential to carry out project activities. • Money – Adequate funds should be available for smooth implementation of the project. • Materials – bricks, steel, stones, timber, aggregate, scaffolding, cement, water supply and sanitary fittings, lime, petrol, oil, lubricants • Machinery – batching and mixing plants, Mixers, crushers, Trucks, dumpers, tractors, Rollers, Powers, Cranes, excavators, hoist, Pumps, generators Prof. Ashish Makwana 55
- 56. Stakeholders of aConstruction Project (Construction Team) • Owner • Engineers / Architects • Contractors Prof. Ashish Makwana 56
- 57. Owner – Theowner in a building or engineering project may be an individual, group of individuals, private or public undertaking. Responsibilities of the owner • The owner is supposed to provide necessary site on which the proposed work is to be constructed. • The owner should appoint an engineer, to look after the technical requirements of the work. • The owner should supply necessary plans and working drawings through his architect to the contractor in time so that the work is not unnecessarily delayed. Prof. Ashish Makwana 57
- 58. Responsibilities of theowner… • The owner should respect the conditions of contract concerning his powers and duties. • The owner should provide necessary work front to the contractor so that work is not delayed. • The owner should make necessary arrangement for the funds required for the construction of the work so that regular payments shall be made to the contractor. • It is desirable that the owner should pass all the instructions to the contractor through his engineer. • The owner should supply materials and issue machinery, if it is a part of the contract. Prof. Ashish Makwana 58
- 59. Responsibilities of theowner… • The owner should make arrangements to record the measurement of items in time before they are covered up in the subsequent execution of work. • The owner should not interfere with the progress of the work and should not pass such instructions which will lead to the problems of extra items, liquidated damages, etc. • The owner should not suspend the work temporarily unless it appears to be in his interest to do so. • To take over possession of the completed work timely from the contractor. Prof. Ashish Makwana 59
- 60. Engineers and architects •This includes structural, mechanical and electrical engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, specialists such as structural consultants, safety and maintenance planners, soil investigators etc. Responsibility of engineer • To organize and supervise the execution of work and to see that they are suitably and economically carried out with specified quality of materials. Prof. Ashish Makwana 60
- 61. Responsibility of engineer… •It is the duty of the executive engineer to prepare estimate of proposed works through his subordinates and submit the same to his superintending engineer. • The engineer is responsible for explaining the plans and provisions of the specifications. • The engineer is responsible for giving all lines and levels required in connection with the work. • It is his duty to invite tenders for works valued within his power, after obtaining administrative and technical sanction. Prof. Ashish Makwana 61
- 62. Responsibility of engineer… •In certain complicated items, the engineer should give the sequence of operations and should explain method of construction in detail to the contractor. • It is duty of the engineer to prepare specifications for the work and to see that these specifications are accurate, proper and reasonable for the work. • The assistant engineer is responsible for taking detailed measurement of works during progress and to enter the same in M.B. and prepare bills for payment. Prof. Ashish Makwana 62
- 63. Responsibility of engineer… •To see that machinery likely to be used on works are properly maintenance and safely house. • To keep tools and plants in working conditions and arrange to protect surplus stock from deterioration. • To prevent encroachment on government lands under his division. • The engineer is responsible for the acts of his assistants or other agencies employed by him. • It is also the duty of the engineer to assist the court of law or the arbitrator during the hearing of the dispute. Prof. Ashish Makwana 63
- 64. Contractor • The contractormay be an individual undertaking small or big need the services of qualified engineers. Responsibilities of the contractor • The contractor is responsible to provide all the materials, labour, equipments, etc. required under the provisions of the contract for the execution of the work. • The contractor should carry out the work as per plans and specifications and as per directions given by the engineer.Prof. Ashish Makwana 64
- 65. Responsibilities of thecontractor… • The contractor should inform the supervising engineer before taking up any new item and before covering up of any work. • The contractor should appoint a qualified person on site of the work to whom instructions and directions can be imparted. • The contractor is responsible for any damage to the persons or adjoining properties during execution of the work. • The contractor should submit the bills of work as and when required. Prof. Ashish Makwana 65
- 66. Responsibilities of thecontractor… • The contractor is responsible to respect all the prevailing labour laws and should make regular payments to his labourers as well as to the subcontractors. • The contractor should give all the required assistance to the engineer for establishing the lines and levels of the work. • The contractor is responsible for arranging for the permit of the controlled materials and for paying fees and royalties for the use of patented articles. Prof. Ashish Makwana 66
- 67. Responsibilities of thecontractor… • The contractor is responsible for the safety of all the labourers and personnel working at the site and should provide safety shoes, helmets etc. to the workmen. • To handover the completed work in a sound condition. • The contractor should submit his claims for extra items in due time. Prof. Ashish Makwana 67
- 68. Interaction between Owner,Engineer and Contractor 1. Co-relation between the Owner and an Engineer • As the owner finances the project and employs an engineer who agrees to perform his professional duties with reasonable efforts and skill. • If an engineer makes an unfortunate mistake, in spite of due skill, he is not liable for his mistake unless the owner proves that he failed to perform his duty carefully. • It is responsibility of the engineer to plan things for the owner economically. Prof. Ashish Makwana 68
- 69. 2. Co-relation betweenan Engineer and Contractor • There is much co-relation between an engineer and a contractor as the latter executes the work in strict supervision of the former. • The contractor has to work as per the design and drawing in consultation with the engineer to avoid any dispute. Prof. Ashish Makwana 69
- 70. Causes of delayin construction project • Unexpected site conditions • Difficulties in availability of materials • Difficulties in availability of labours • Weather conditions – heavy rain • Delay in issue of construction drawings • Lack of liaison between contractor and Engineer • Delay in clarifying bills • Cash flow and financial constraints • Dispute between contractor and owner/engineer Prof. Ashish Makwana 70
- 71. Engineer and ConstructionEconomy • To adopt such construction methods which would result in the lowest practical cost of the project. • Using as simple design as possible. • Making use of locally available materials. • Encouraging the use of materials of commercial sizes. • Making use of cost saving equipments and adopting proper construction methods. • Furnishing adequate foundation details, wherever necessary. Prof. Ashish Makwana 71
- 72. Engineer and ConstructionEconomy… • Using standard specifications with which the contractor is familiar. • Providing suitable checks on costs of labour, materials, equipments, supervision charges, etc. • Engaging supervisors who have sufficient judgement and experience in construction. • Providing necessary work front to the contractor to avoid any delay in construction. Prof. Ashish Makwana 72
- 73. Contractor and ConstructionEconomy • Prebidding studies of the project on the following aspects will effect economy. – Topography of the area – Climate – Sources of materials – Geology – Availability of labour – Local services, power, fuel, water – Access to the site – Storage facilities for materials and equipments Prof. Ashish Makwana 73
- 74. Contractor and ConstructionEconomy • By employing trained and experienced staff. • Using alternate construction equipment having higher capacity and efficiency but lower operating cost. • Maintaining the construction equipments in proper working conditions. • Maintaining an atmosphere of co-operation with the labour force. • Giving liberal incentives to the labour force for greater output. • Adopting reliable safety measures to reduce accidents. Prof. Ashish Makwana 74
- 75. Contractor and ConstructionEconomy… • Holding periodic meeting with key personnel and concerned design engineers to discuss plans, procedures and results. • To satisfy himself with a reasonable percentage of profit. • Appointing sub-contractors for the specialized operations. Prof. Ashish Makwana 75
- 76. THANK YOU Prof. AshishMakwana 76