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Introductory Psychology: Stress
The document discusses the relationship between stress and health, highlighting how stress can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending on its duration and intensity. It presents the general adaptation syndrome model, which describes the body's response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Additionally, it examines the health consequences of stress, including its effects on the heart, susceptibility to diseases, and the role of psychological factors in physical health.
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Introduces stress and its impact on health, including psychological and physical links.
Discusses adaptive vs maladaptive stress, and the appraisal process of stressors.
Details the fight-or-flight response, the General Adaptation Syndrome stages, and physiological responses.
Describes chronic stress effects on neurogenesis, life events that raise stress, and related diseases.
Presents demographic data on life expectancy related to stress.
Explores health problems from stress, including heart disease, immune function, and related illnesses.
Examines stress effects on colds, AIDS, cancer, and introduces behavioral medicine.
Summarizes concepts including GAS and the biopsychosocial model.
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Introductory Psychology: Stress
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- 2. Stress and Health Stress and Illness Stress and the Heart Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
- 3. Stress and Health Psychologicalstates cause physical illness. Stress is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being. When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is impaired.
- 4. Stress and Health Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives. Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and health problems. Stress
- 5. Stress and Stressors Stress is a slippery concept. At times it is the stimulus (missing an appointment) and at other times it is a response (sweating while taking a test).
- 6. Stress and Stressors Stressis not merely a stimulus or a response. It is a process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may have positive effects. However, if stress is threatening or prolonged, it can be harmful.
- 7. The Stress ResponseSystem Walter Cannon proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands (medulla), increasing heart and respiration rates, and dulling pain. Medulla: Epinephrine Cortex: Cortisol
- 8. Evolutionary Psychology • RobertSapolsky • 0:15 – 3:58: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPS7GnromGo
- 9. General Adaptation Syndrome Accordingto Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases.
- 10. General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm “Fight or Flight” reaction: body mobilizes resources to combat threat; activates the sympathetic nervous system. Resistance Enhanced ability to fight stressor via moderate physiological arousal; ability to withstand additional stressors (e.g., infection) is reduced. Exhaustion Depletion of resources brings on diseases and disorders (e.g., chronically high heart rate and blood pressure increase chances of heart attack and stroke). 3 min: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJCeDtNh_Aw
- 11. Chronic Stress & Neurogenesis • Rats were exposed to 125 dB 12kHz noises for 2 hours/day for 10 weeks • Hippocampampal tissue was processed for doublecortin for new neurons (subgranular zone or SGZ). * Kraus et al. (2010). Neuroscience, 167, 1216-1226.
- 12. Stressful Life Events Catastrophic Events: Catastrophic events like earthquakes, combat stress, and floods lead individuals to become depressed, sleepless, and anxious.
- 13. Significant Life Changes Thedeath of a loved one, a divorce, a loss of job, or a promotion may leave individuals vulnerable to disease.
- 14. Stress & Lifespan? •Top Causes of Death (2009): – Heart Disease – Cancer – Chronic respiratory diseases – Stroke – Accidents – Alzheimer’s – Diabetes – Influenza & pneumonia – Kidney disease – Suicide http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_04.pdf
- 15. Stress& Lifespan? Expected Lifespan(2009): – Caucasian Males: 76.2 – Caucasian Females: 80.9 – African American Males: 70.9 – African American Females: 77.4 Center for Disease Control, 2009
- 16. Health-Related Consequences Stress can have a variety of health-related consequences. Kathleen Finlay/ Masterfile
- 17. Stress and theHeart Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle. Plaque in Artery coronary artery clogged
- 18. Personality Types Type Ais a term used by Meyer Friedman for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally 1910-2001 aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B refers to easygoing, relaxed people. Type A personalities are more likely to die from coronary heart disease. Total (3154) CHD Death (50) A 1589 (50.4%) 34 (68%) B 1565 (49.6%) 16 (32%) Rosenman et al. (1975). JAMA, 233, 872-877.
- 19. Pessimism and HeartDisease Pessimistic adult men (sample = 2000 Veterans) are twice as likely to develop heart disease over a 10-year period. Kubzansky et al. (2001). Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 910-916.
- 20. Stress & Susceptibilityto Disease A psychophysiological illness is any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and some headaches. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a developing field in which the health effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on the immune system are studied.
- 21. Psychoneuroimmunology B lymphocytes fightbacterial infections T lymphocytes attack viruses and cancer cells microphages ingest foreign substances During stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system making it vulnerable.
- 22. Stress and Colds Peoplewith the highest life stress scores were also the most vulnerable when exposed to an experimental cold virus.
- 23. Stress and AIDS Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
- 24. HIV Worldwide UN AIDS/WHO, 2004 Data
- 25. Stress and Cancer Stress does not create cancer cells. Researchers disagree on whether stress influences the progression of cancer. However, they do agree that avoiding stress and having a hopeful attitude cannot reverse advanced cancer.
- 26. Behavioral Medicine Psychologists andphysicians have developed an interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine that integrates behavioral knowledge with medical knowledge. “Mind” and body interact; everything psychological is simultaneously physiological.
- 27. Summary • GAS • Stress& Health
- 28. Course Summary • Biopsychosocial •Comparative • Scientific process (Question authorities!)