Intro_to_Computers_Parts.ppt

1
Introduction to Computers
Objectives
• Understanding computer system
• Identify and use computer
hardware
• Identify and use computer
software
• Open and close a desired program
• Switch back and forth between
open windows

2
What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of instructions
(software) stored in its own memory unit,
that can accept data (input), manipulate
data (process), and produce information
(output) from the processing. Generally,
the term is used to describe a collection of
devices that function together as a
system. (Programmable device)

3
Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer
(output)
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)

4
What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the
information processing cycle.
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage

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Data and Information
 All computer processing requires data, which is a collection
of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
 Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and
useful.
 During the output Phase, the information that has been
created is put into some form, such as a printed report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage for
future use.

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Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
 The ability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed.
 Reliability (low failure rate).
 Accuracy.
 Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
 Ability to communicate with other
computers.

Computer Parts
 Hardware
 Software
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Computer Hardware
 Physical
(tangible) parts
of the computer
system

Computer Hardware Parts
 There are many parts
including processor
and memory chips,
input/output devices,
tapes, disks,
modems, cable, etc.
that work together to
make a computer
work,

CPU
 The Central
Processing Unit
The BRAIN
of the Computer

Processor
 The CPU – The chip
or chips that
interpret and
execute program
instructions and
manage the
functions of input,
output, and storage
devices.

Computer Case
 Contains the
major
components of
the computer. It
helps protect
them.

Monitor
 A display screen
to provide
“output” to the
user. It is where
you view the
information your
are working on.

Video Card
 Connects the computer
to the monitor. It is a
circuit board attached
to the motherboard
that contains the
memory and other
circuitry necessary to
send information to
the monitor for display
on screen.

Keyboard
 Used to enter
information into
the computer
and for giving
commands.

Mouse
 An input device
operated by rolling its
ball across a flat
surface. The mouse is
used to control the on-
screen pointer by
pointing and clicking,
double-clicking, or
dragging objects on the
screen.

Touchpad
 A pressure-
sensitive and
motion sensitive
device used in
place of a
mouse.

CD Rom Drive
 The drive that
plays CDs and
reads data that
has been stored
on the CD.

CD
 Compact Disk – A
type of optical
storage device.

Floppy Disk Drive
 A device that
holds a
removable floppy
disk when in use;
read/write heads
read and write
data to the
diskette.

Hard Disk
 Magnetic storage
device in the
computer.

RAM
 Random Access Memory
RAM is a computer’s
temporary memory,
which exists as chips on
the motherboard near
the CPU. It stores data
or programs while they
are being used and
requires power.

Printer
 An output device
that produces a
hard copy on
paper. It gives
information to the
user in printed
form.

Barcode Reader
 An input device that
converts a pattern of
printed bars into a
number that a
computer can read.
They are often used by
businesses to quickly
input price and product
information.

Scanner
 A device that
allows pictures to
be placed into a
computer.

Microphone
 Allows the user to
record sounds as
input to their
computer.

Speakers
 Used to generate or
reproduce voice,
music, and other
sounds.

Sound Card
 Connects the
speakers and
microphone to the
computer.

Modem
 The place where
the computer is
connected to the
phone line.

Network Card
 A circuit board that
connects the
computer to the
rest of the network
usually using
special cables.

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How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
 It must be given a detailed list of
instructions, called a compute program or
software, that tells it exactly what to do.
 Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
 Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.

34
What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
 Input devices.
 Central Processing
Unit (containing the
control unit and the
arithmetic/logic
unit).
 Memory.
 Output devices.
 Storage devices.

35
Input Devices
 Keyboard.
 Mouse.

36
The Keyboard
The most commonly used input
device is the keyboard on which
data is entered by manually
keying in or typing certain keys.

37
The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism
that detects movement of the mouse.

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The Central processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the
computer, performs the logical and arithmetic
processing operations, and causes the input
and output operations to occur. It is considered
the “brain” of the computer.

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The Central processing Unit…
 The CPU contains
 Control unit
 Arithmetic / logic unit (ALU)
Control unit directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer.
For every instruction, the control unit repeats a set of four basic operations
called the machine cycle: (1) fetching the instruction or data item from
memory, (2) decoding the instruction into commands the computer
understands, (3) executing the commands, and, if necessary, (4) storing, or
writing the result to memory.
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs the execution part of the machine
cycle. Specifically, the ALU carries out three operations:
 Arithmetic operations – performing calculations, which include addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division
 Comparison operations – comparing data items to determine if the first item is
greater than, equal to, or less than the other item
 Logical operations – working with conditions and logical operators such as
AND, OR, and NOT

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Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory or
RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory
of the computer. It consists of electronic
components that store data including numbers,
letters of the alphabet, graphics and sound. Any
information stored in RAM is lost when the
computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is
etched on a chip that has start-up directions for
your computer. It is permanent memory.

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Amount Of RAM In Computers
The amount of memory in computers is typically
measured in kilobytes or megabytes. One kilobyte
(K or KB) equals approximately 1,000 memory
locations and one megabyte (M or MB) equals
approximately one million locations A memory
location, or byte, usually stores one character.
Therefore, a computer with 8 MB of memory can
store approximately 8 million characters. One
megabyte can hold approximately 500 pages of
text information.

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Output Devices
Output devices make the information resulting
from the processing available for use. The two
output devices more commonly used are the
printer and the computer screen.
The printer produces a hard copy of your
output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

Software
 Programs that tell
the computer what
to do. It provides
instructions that
the CPU will need
to carry out.

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Computer Software
Software is the logical part of the
computer. That is all instructions
(Programs) which tell the computer
what to do. Software can be
categorized into two types:
 Operating system software (OS)
 Application software.

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Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer how
to perform the functions of loading, storing and
executing an application and how to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating system
that has a graphical user interface (GUI) that
provides visual clues such as icon symbols to help
the user. Microsoft Windows 98, XP, vista, 7, 8,
ubuntu, Mac OS are the widely used graphical
operating system. DOS (Disk Operating System) is
an older but still widely used operating system that
is text-based.

DOS
 Disk Operating System
This software connects the hardware with the
programs you want to run.
MS-DOS:
Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a
command line user interface. MS-DOS 1.0 was
released in 1981 for IBM computers.

Windows
 A family of operating
systems developed and
produced by Microsoft
Corp. It provides a
software graphical user
interface (GUI) used on
IBM and compatible
computers.

50
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that
tell a computer how to produce information.
They are made to perform specific tasks. Some
of the more commonly used packages are:
 Word processing
 Electronic spreadsheet
 Photoshop
 Presentation graphics

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Word Processing
 Word Processing software is used to create
and print documents. A key advantage of
word processing software is that users easily
can make changes in documents.

52
Electronic Spreadsheets
 Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user
to add, subtract, and perform user-defined
calculations on rows and columns of numbers.
These numbers can be changed and the
spreadsheet quickly recalculates the new results.

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Photoshop Software
 Allows the user to create and edit images
and graphics with different styles and
shapes

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Presentation Graphics
 Presentation graphic software allows the
user to create documents called slides to be
used in making the presentations. Using
special projection devices, the slides display
as they appear on the computer screen.

Introduction to Windows
The Desktop
• The desktop is the first thing you see
when you log in- it is the “launch pad”
• Icons, or pictures, represent
programs that are available on the
computer.
• Notice the task bar at the bottom of
the screen.
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Activity
• Locate the following items on
your desktop:
 Taskbar
 Program icon
 Mouse pointer
 Start button

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Activity
Starting a Program:
• You start, or open, a program by
double-clicking its icon on the
desktop
• The program is visible as a window
on the computer screen
• A button representing the program
appears on the taskbar

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Working With Windows
• A windows represents an open
program or folder.
• You can have more than one window
open at a time.
• The window you are working in is
called the active window.
• The active window will be on top of
any other open windows.

Intro_to_Computers_Parts.ppt

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