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intuitive_wayfinding

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Chris Moorehead

This document discusses concepts related to wayfinding and navigation in the built environment. It defines key terms like navigation, wayfinding, and imageability. It explores cognitive perspectives on wayfinding including cognitive maps and how people use landmarks and paths to navigate. It also examines Kevin Lynch's work on the "image of the city" and the elements that contribute to a city having a strong cognitive image like paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.

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T H E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T NAVIGATING ≥ SYSTEMS OF INTUITIVE WAYFINDING
LYING IN A NO-MAN’S LAND BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND GRAPHIC DESIGN, JOCK KINNEIR APPARENTLY SIMPLE YET OF BEWILDERING POSSIBILITIES. WORDS + BUILDINGS IS A TREACHEROUS ART, WAYFINDING DIRECTIONALSIGNATTOWERBRIDGE,LONDON,UK
D E F I N I T I O N NAVIGATION Generally used to describe the science of locating position and plotting a course, usually for ships and aircraft It is often, however, used colloquially to describe making one’s way through a space GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS.
D E F I N I T I O N WAYFINDING Wayfinding involves selecting paths from a network, and determining the information required to plot a course designed to reach a destination This can involve the use of either physical or cognitive maps GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS.
Focus on how people see and use information Driven by process rather than design Need for clear communication that is accessible and inclusive W A Y F I N D I N G OVERVIEW WAYFINDINGSCHEMATIC,BASEL,SWITZERLAND
Effectiveness may be compromised by: modes of thinking and information processing aging population visually impaired users non-fluent and illiterate users visual congestion Despite extensive research, wayfinding remains an inexact process W A Y F I N D I N G PROBLEMS
DIVORCED FROM THE VISUALLY CONGESTED SETTINGS B U I LT E N V I R O N M E N T ITSELF P O S T- I N D U S T R I A L R E V O L U T I O N PICCADILLYCIRCUS,LONDON,UK
CONCRETE ABSTRACT DESIGN MODES OF THINKING 70% 30% Most environmental graphic designers are abstract thinkers... ...but they must design for the 70% of the population who are not KEIRSEY, D., & BATES, M. (1984). PLEASE UNDERSTAND ME: CHARACTER AND TEMPERAMENT TYPES.
REFERS TO THE COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORIAL ABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH PURPOSEFULLY REACHING A DESIRED PHYSICAL DESTINATION. ROMEDI PASSINI WAYFINDING ≥
How people negotiate their way through spaces and what patterns are manifested How language and typography should be structured What conditions must be satisfied for effective assimilation of message COGNITIVE SEMANTIC PERCEPTUAL O F W A Y F I N D I N G PERSPECTIVES SOUTHWARKSTREETSIGN,LONDON,UK
M A P P I N G COGNITIVE The internal representation of perceived environmental features and the spatial relations among them Do not need to be accurate renderings of the real world Such maps may be fragmented, distorted, and irregular—result of difficulties experienced in mentally integrating different routes into networked structures GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS.
intuitive_wayfinding
intuitive_wayfinding
intuitive_wayfinding
1996 airport fire 18 dead, 150 injured confusing signage made exit from terminal building extremely difficult A I R P O R T F I R E DÜSSELDORF REDESIGNED + SIMPLIFIED SIGNAGE, METADESIGN
IMAGE OF THE CITY THE
Result of 5-year study on how users perceive and organize information as they navigate through cities 3 case studies: Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles First use of the term wayfinding 1960 Identified cognitive mapping as a key navigational tool THE K E V I N L Y N C H IMAGE OF THE CITY SKYLINE, BOSTON, MA Coined the term imageability — the ability of a city to make itself memorable to the user
IS THAT QUALITY IN A PHYSICAL OBJECT WHICH GIVES A HIGH PROBABILITY OF INVOKING A STRONG IMAGE IN ANY GIVEN OBSERVER. KEVIN LYNCH IMAGEABILITY ≥
I M A G E A B I L I T Y ELEMENTS Point reference considered to be external to the observer Singularity—must be unique or memorable LANDMARKS Strategic spots into which the user can enter Tend to be decision points NODES 2-D sections of the city which are recognizable as having some common identifying character DISTRICTS Boundaries or linear breaks in continuity EDGES Channels through which the user moves or can potentially move PATHS LYNCH, K. (1960). THE IMAGE OF THE CITY.
DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W GRANGE AVE GRANGE AVE STEPHANIE ST QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W EN ST W PHOEBE ST ND ST W RICHMOND ST W D’ARCY ST D’ARCY ST BALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST BALDWIN ST WILLCOCKS ST HARB HARBORD ST WILLCOCKS ST ULSTER ST BALDWIN ST NASSAU ST NASSAU ST OXFORD ST HURONST HURONST URONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD HURONST SPADINAAVE CAMERONST SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE DINAAVE BRUNSWICKAVE LIPPINCOTTST BRUNSWICKAVE BATHURSTST BATHURSTST ROBERTST ROBERTST KENSINGTONAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE DENISONAVE DENISONAVE RYERSONAVE JOHNST D McCAULST McCAULST McCAULST STPATRICKST SIMCOEST SIMCOEST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVERSITYAVE BAYST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZABETHST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST DUNDAS ST W EDWARD ST ELM ST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y FA C T O R S PATHS ≥Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves Can be streets, walkways, transit lines, railroads, or canals [1] COLLEGE STREET [2] DUNDAS STREET WEST [3] SPADINA AVENUE [4] ST GEORGE / BEVERLEY STREET {5] McCAUL STREET PRIMARY PATH: SOLID SECONDARY PATH: DASHED 1 2 3 4 5
ALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST WILLCOCKS ST HARBORD ST HOSKIN AVE ST JOSEPH ST WELLESLEY ST CHARLES ST W CHARLE HARBORD ST HARBORD ST SUSSEX AVE SUSSEX AVE BLOOR ST W BLOOR ST W BLOOR ST W WILLCOCKS ST ULSTER ST 200 m 500 ft m t HURONST HURONST HURONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD STGEORGEST STGEORGEST QUEEN’SPARK BAYST QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTW QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTE SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE ROBERTST BRUNSWICKAVE BRUNSWICKAVE LIPPINCOTTST BRUNSWICKAVE HOWLANDAVE BATHURSTST BATHURSTST ROBERTST ROBERTST SPADINARD WALMERRD AUGUSTAAVE McCAULST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZ BEVERLEYST ELM ST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S EDGES ≥ Linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer Linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of developments, walls, wide roads [1] SPADINA AVENUE [2] UNIVERSITY AVENUE 1 2
DUNDAS ST W GRANGE AVE QUEEN ST W D’ARCY ST D’ARCY ST BALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST BALDWIN ST WILLCOCKS ST ARBORD ST HOSKIN WELLESLEY ST GROSVENOR ST WELLESLEY ST BALDWIN ST NASSAU ST HURONST HURONST HURONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD STGEORGEST UEEN’SPARKCRESCENTW QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTE HURONST SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE KENSINGTONAVE AUGUSTAAVE McCAULST McCAULST McCAULST STPATRICKST SIMCOEST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVER BAYST BAYST BAYST BAYST YONGEST BAYS YONGEST YONGEST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZABETHST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST BE DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W EDWARD ST ELM ST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S1 2 3 DISTRICTS ≥ Districts are recogniz- able as having some common, identifying character Distinctive in contrast with the rest of the city, and can be recog- nized immediately by the observer [1] KENSINGTON MARKET [2] CHINATOWN [3] UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST WILLCOCKS ST HARBORD ST HOSKIN AVE ST JOSEPH ST WELLESLEY ST GROSVENOR ST WELLESLEY ST CHARLES ST W CHARLES ST W CHARLES ST E SUSSEX AVE BLOOR ST W BLOOR ST W CUMBERLAND ST CKS ST HURONST HURONST HURONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD STGEORGEST STGEORGEST QUEEN’SPARK AVENUERD BAYST BAYST QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTW QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTE SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE RTST McCAULST BAYST BAYST YONGEST YONGEST YONGEST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZABETHST BEVERLEYST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S NODES ≥ Nodes are strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter Can be junctions, convergences of paths, crossings, or moments of shift 1 2 [1] QUEEN’S PARK [2] KING’S COLLEGE CIRCLE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRIMARY NODE: SOLID SECONDARY NODE: DASHED
DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W GRANGE AVE GRANGE AVE STEPHANIE ST QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W PHOEBE ST QUEEN ST W RICHMOND ST W RICHMOND ST W ADELAIDE ST W ADELAIDE ST W KING ST W KING ST W WELLINGTO RICHMOND ST W RICHMOND ST W D’ARCY ST D’ARCY ST BALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST LEGE ST COL BALDWIN ST BALDWIN ST NASSAU ST NASSAU ST RD ST HURONST T HURONST EST D HURONST SPADINAAVE CAMERONST SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE BRUNSWICKAVE BATHURSTST ROBERTST KENSINGTONAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE DENISONAVE DENISONAVE RYERSONAVE JOHNST DUNCANST PETERST McCAULST McCAULST McCAULST STPATRICKST SIMCOEST SIMCOEST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVERSITYAVE BAYST BAYST BAYST YORKST YORKST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVERSITYAVE BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W EDWARD ST ELM ST GERRARD ST W I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S LANDMARKS ≥Landmarks are external point references which are singularly unique and memorable They differ from nodes, which are usually entered by the observer during navigation [1] ART GALLERY OF ONTARIO [2] ONTARIO COLLEGE OF ART & DESIGN [3] CANADIAN AIRMAN’S MEMORIAL [4] CANADA LIFE BUILDING [5] CITY HALL [6] OLD CITY HALL [7] TORONTO-DOMINION CENTRE PRIMARY LANDMARK: SOLID SECONDARY LANDMARK: DASHED 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
L A N D M A R K SALIENCY RAUBAL, M., & WINTER, S. (2002). ENRICHING WAYFINDING INSTRUCTIONS WITH LOCAL LANDMARKS. [1] FIRST CANADIAN PLACE [2] ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM [3] ONTARIO COLLEGE OF ART & DESIGN Prominence or distinctiveness of a feature Evaluation factors include: Quality of a landmark is defined by its singularity façade area + form factor location + visibility cultural significance
L A N D M A R K SALIENCY Oscar Neman, Canadian Airman’s Memorial, 1984 Disparagingly known as “Gumby Goes to Heaven” Public art as a salient landmark
Landmarks or other features “anchor” cognitive maps and influence processes used in accessing stored information Locations are learned in re- lation to these anchor points Believed to be used by both human and nonhuman species, including insects + E N V I R O N M E N T A L K N O W L E D G E ANCHOR POINTS GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS. SHOPPING WORK HOME SHOPPING WORK HOME SHOPPING WORK HOME
OF BEING LOST COMES FROM THE NECESSITY THAT A MOBILE ORGANISM BE ORIENTED IN ITS SURROUNDINGS. KEVIN LYNCH THE TERROR ≥
TOKYO OH I NEVER CAN SLEEP IN YOUR ARMS
W A Y F I N D I N G N I G H T M A R E TOKYO Street addresses are assigned in chronological order, based on date of building completion City can only be navigated through landmarks
WITH OUR RESPECTIVE WAYS OF NAVIGATING IS A BASIC PREMISE OF OUR LIBERTY AND OUR SELF-CONFIDENCE. OTL AICHER LIVING ≥
Emphasis on designers thinking like ‘the everyday person’ Scenarios with characters and journeys imagined and visualized Based on typical and realistic patrons of the city Information must be available when needed and recognized by user Project begun in 1996 L E G I B L E C I T Y BRISTOL BRISTOLLEGIBLECITYSIGNAGE,BRISTOL,UK
City centre has notoriously poor ‘mental picture’ Maps utilize unique ‘heads up’ POV— showing what is directly in front of viewer Key landmarks in three dimensions, as seen from the position of viewer facing map Every map is there- fore unique M A P P I N G S Y S T E M BRISTOL BRISTOL LEGIBLE CITY MAP DETAIL, BRISTOL, UK
ACCOMPLISHED IT HAS BEEN ILLUSION THE DANGER IN COMMUNICATION IS THE —GEORGE BERNARD SHAW DIRECTIONALSIGNAGEONTHENIEDERHORN,SWITZERLAND
CHRISTOPHER 02/2013 GDES 3B08 MOOREHEAD ≥

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intuitive_wayfinding

  • 1. T H E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T NAVIGATING ≥ SYSTEMS OF INTUITIVE WAYFINDING
  • 2. LYING IN A NO-MAN’S LAND BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND GRAPHIC DESIGN, JOCK KINNEIR APPARENTLY SIMPLE YET OF BEWILDERING POSSIBILITIES. WORDS + BUILDINGS IS A TREACHEROUS ART, WAYFINDING DIRECTIONALSIGNATTOWERBRIDGE,LONDON,UK
  • 3. D E F I N I T I O N NAVIGATION Generally used to describe the science of locating position and plotting a course, usually for ships and aircraft It is often, however, used colloquially to describe making one’s way through a space GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS.
  • 4. D E F I N I T I O N WAYFINDING Wayfinding involves selecting paths from a network, and determining the information required to plot a course designed to reach a destination This can involve the use of either physical or cognitive maps GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS.
  • 5. Focus on how people see and use information Driven by process rather than design Need for clear communication that is accessible and inclusive W A Y F I N D I N G OVERVIEW WAYFINDINGSCHEMATIC,BASEL,SWITZERLAND
  • 6. Effectiveness may be compromised by: modes of thinking and information processing aging population visually impaired users non-fluent and illiterate users visual congestion Despite extensive research, wayfinding remains an inexact process W A Y F I N D I N G PROBLEMS
  • 7. DIVORCED FROM THE VISUALLY CONGESTED SETTINGS B U I LT E N V I R O N M E N T ITSELF P O S T- I N D U S T R I A L R E V O L U T I O N PICCADILLYCIRCUS,LONDON,UK
  • 8. CONCRETE ABSTRACT DESIGN MODES OF THINKING 70% 30% Most environmental graphic designers are abstract thinkers... ...but they must design for the 70% of the population who are not KEIRSEY, D., & BATES, M. (1984). PLEASE UNDERSTAND ME: CHARACTER AND TEMPERAMENT TYPES.
  • 9. REFERS TO THE COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORIAL ABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH PURPOSEFULLY REACHING A DESIRED PHYSICAL DESTINATION. ROMEDI PASSINI WAYFINDING ≥
  • 10. How people negotiate their way through spaces and what patterns are manifested How language and typography should be structured What conditions must be satisfied for effective assimilation of message COGNITIVE SEMANTIC PERCEPTUAL O F W A Y F I N D I N G PERSPECTIVES SOUTHWARKSTREETSIGN,LONDON,UK
  • 11. M A P P I N G COGNITIVE The internal representation of perceived environmental features and the spatial relations among them Do not need to be accurate renderings of the real world Such maps may be fragmented, distorted, and irregular—result of difficulties experienced in mentally integrating different routes into networked structures GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS.
  • 15. 1996 airport fire 18 dead, 150 injured confusing signage made exit from terminal building extremely difficult A I R P O R T F I R E DÜSSELDORF REDESIGNED + SIMPLIFIED SIGNAGE, METADESIGN
  • 17. Result of 5-year study on how users perceive and organize information as they navigate through cities 3 case studies: Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles First use of the term wayfinding 1960 Identified cognitive mapping as a key navigational tool THE K E V I N L Y N C H IMAGE OF THE CITY SKYLINE, BOSTON, MA Coined the term imageability — the ability of a city to make itself memorable to the user
  • 18. IS THAT QUALITY IN A PHYSICAL OBJECT WHICH GIVES A HIGH PROBABILITY OF INVOKING A STRONG IMAGE IN ANY GIVEN OBSERVER. KEVIN LYNCH IMAGEABILITY ≥
  • 19. I M A G E A B I L I T Y ELEMENTS Point reference considered to be external to the observer Singularity—must be unique or memorable LANDMARKS Strategic spots into which the user can enter Tend to be decision points NODES 2-D sections of the city which are recognizable as having some common identifying character DISTRICTS Boundaries or linear breaks in continuity EDGES Channels through which the user moves or can potentially move PATHS LYNCH, K. (1960). THE IMAGE OF THE CITY.
  • 20. DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W GRANGE AVE GRANGE AVE STEPHANIE ST QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W EN ST W PHOEBE ST ND ST W RICHMOND ST W D’ARCY ST D’ARCY ST BALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST BALDWIN ST WILLCOCKS ST HARB HARBORD ST WILLCOCKS ST ULSTER ST BALDWIN ST NASSAU ST NASSAU ST OXFORD ST HURONST HURONST URONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD HURONST SPADINAAVE CAMERONST SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE DINAAVE BRUNSWICKAVE LIPPINCOTTST BRUNSWICKAVE BATHURSTST BATHURSTST ROBERTST ROBERTST KENSINGTONAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE DENISONAVE DENISONAVE RYERSONAVE JOHNST D McCAULST McCAULST McCAULST STPATRICKST SIMCOEST SIMCOEST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVERSITYAVE BAYST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZABETHST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST DUNDAS ST W EDWARD ST ELM ST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y FA C T O R S PATHS ≥Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves Can be streets, walkways, transit lines, railroads, or canals [1] COLLEGE STREET [2] DUNDAS STREET WEST [3] SPADINA AVENUE [4] ST GEORGE / BEVERLEY STREET {5] McCAUL STREET PRIMARY PATH: SOLID SECONDARY PATH: DASHED 1 2 3 4 5
  • 21. ALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST WILLCOCKS ST HARBORD ST HOSKIN AVE ST JOSEPH ST WELLESLEY ST CHARLES ST W CHARLE HARBORD ST HARBORD ST SUSSEX AVE SUSSEX AVE BLOOR ST W BLOOR ST W BLOOR ST W WILLCOCKS ST ULSTER ST 200 m 500 ft m t HURONST HURONST HURONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD STGEORGEST STGEORGEST QUEEN’SPARK BAYST QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTW QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTE SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE ROBERTST BRUNSWICKAVE BRUNSWICKAVE LIPPINCOTTST BRUNSWICKAVE HOWLANDAVE BATHURSTST BATHURSTST ROBERTST ROBERTST SPADINARD WALMERRD AUGUSTAAVE McCAULST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZ BEVERLEYST ELM ST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S EDGES ≥ Linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer Linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of developments, walls, wide roads [1] SPADINA AVENUE [2] UNIVERSITY AVENUE 1 2
  • 22. DUNDAS ST W GRANGE AVE QUEEN ST W D’ARCY ST D’ARCY ST BALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST BALDWIN ST WILLCOCKS ST ARBORD ST HOSKIN WELLESLEY ST GROSVENOR ST WELLESLEY ST BALDWIN ST NASSAU ST HURONST HURONST HURONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD STGEORGEST UEEN’SPARKCRESCENTW QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTE HURONST SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE KENSINGTONAVE AUGUSTAAVE McCAULST McCAULST McCAULST STPATRICKST SIMCOEST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVER BAYST BAYST BAYST BAYST YONGEST BAYS YONGEST YONGEST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZABETHST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST BE DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W EDWARD ST ELM ST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S1 2 3 DISTRICTS ≥ Districts are recogniz- able as having some common, identifying character Distinctive in contrast with the rest of the city, and can be recog- nized immediately by the observer [1] KENSINGTON MARKET [2] CHINATOWN [3] UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
  • 23. COLLEGE ST COLLEGE ST WILLCOCKS ST HARBORD ST HOSKIN AVE ST JOSEPH ST WELLESLEY ST GROSVENOR ST WELLESLEY ST CHARLES ST W CHARLES ST W CHARLES ST E SUSSEX AVE BLOOR ST W BLOOR ST W CUMBERLAND ST CKS ST HURONST HURONST HURONST HURONST STGEORGEST KING’SCOLLEGEROAD STGEORGEST STGEORGEST QUEEN’SPARK AVENUERD BAYST BAYST QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTW QUEEN’SPARKCRESCENTE SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE RTST McCAULST BAYST BAYST YONGEST YONGEST YONGEST UNIVERSITYAVE ELIZABETHST BEVERLEYST GERRARD ST W COLLEGE ST SPA DINA CRESCEN T KING’S COLLEGE CI RCLE I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S NODES ≥ Nodes are strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter Can be junctions, convergences of paths, crossings, or moments of shift 1 2 [1] QUEEN’S PARK [2] KING’S COLLEGE CIRCLE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRIMARY NODE: SOLID SECONDARY NODE: DASHED
  • 24. DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W GRANGE AVE GRANGE AVE STEPHANIE ST QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W QUEEN ST W PHOEBE ST QUEEN ST W RICHMOND ST W RICHMOND ST W ADELAIDE ST W ADELAIDE ST W KING ST W KING ST W WELLINGTO RICHMOND ST W RICHMOND ST W D’ARCY ST D’ARCY ST BALDWIN ST COLLEGE ST LEGE ST COL BALDWIN ST BALDWIN ST NASSAU ST NASSAU ST RD ST HURONST T HURONST EST D HURONST SPADINAAVE CAMERONST SPADINAAVE SPADINAAVE BRUNSWICKAVE BATHURSTST ROBERTST KENSINGTONAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE AUGUSTAAVE DENISONAVE DENISONAVE RYERSONAVE JOHNST DUNCANST PETERST McCAULST McCAULST McCAULST STPATRICKST SIMCOEST SIMCOEST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVERSITYAVE BAYST BAYST BAYST YORKST YORKST UNIVERSITYAVE UNIVERSITYAVE BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST BEVERLEYST DUNDAS ST W DUNDAS ST W EDWARD ST ELM ST GERRARD ST W I M A G E A B I L I T Y F A C T O R S LANDMARKS ≥Landmarks are external point references which are singularly unique and memorable They differ from nodes, which are usually entered by the observer during navigation [1] ART GALLERY OF ONTARIO [2] ONTARIO COLLEGE OF ART & DESIGN [3] CANADIAN AIRMAN’S MEMORIAL [4] CANADA LIFE BUILDING [5] CITY HALL [6] OLD CITY HALL [7] TORONTO-DOMINION CENTRE PRIMARY LANDMARK: SOLID SECONDARY LANDMARK: DASHED 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
  • 25. L A N D M A R K SALIENCY RAUBAL, M., & WINTER, S. (2002). ENRICHING WAYFINDING INSTRUCTIONS WITH LOCAL LANDMARKS. [1] FIRST CANADIAN PLACE [2] ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM [3] ONTARIO COLLEGE OF ART & DESIGN Prominence or distinctiveness of a feature Evaluation factors include: Quality of a landmark is defined by its singularity façade area + form factor location + visibility cultural significance
  • 26. L A N D M A R K SALIENCY Oscar Neman, Canadian Airman’s Memorial, 1984 Disparagingly known as “Gumby Goes to Heaven” Public art as a salient landmark
  • 27. Landmarks or other features “anchor” cognitive maps and influence processes used in accessing stored information Locations are learned in re- lation to these anchor points Believed to be used by both human and nonhuman species, including insects + E N V I R O N M E N T A L K N O W L E D G E ANCHOR POINTS GOLLEDGE, R. (1999). HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS. SHOPPING WORK HOME SHOPPING WORK HOME SHOPPING WORK HOME
  • 28. OF BEING LOST COMES FROM THE NECESSITY THAT A MOBILE ORGANISM BE ORIENTED IN ITS SURROUNDINGS. KEVIN LYNCH THE TERROR ≥
  • 30. W A Y F I N D I N G N I G H T M A R E TOKYO Street addresses are assigned in chronological order, based on date of building completion City can only be navigated through landmarks
  • 31. WITH OUR RESPECTIVE WAYS OF NAVIGATING IS A BASIC PREMISE OF OUR LIBERTY AND OUR SELF-CONFIDENCE. OTL AICHER LIVING ≥
  • 32. Emphasis on designers thinking like ‘the everyday person’ Scenarios with characters and journeys imagined and visualized Based on typical and realistic patrons of the city Information must be available when needed and recognized by user Project begun in 1996 L E G I B L E C I T Y BRISTOL BRISTOLLEGIBLECITYSIGNAGE,BRISTOL,UK
  • 33. City centre has notoriously poor ‘mental picture’ Maps utilize unique ‘heads up’ POV— showing what is directly in front of viewer Key landmarks in three dimensions, as seen from the position of viewer facing map Every map is there- fore unique M A P P I N G S Y S T E M BRISTOL BRISTOL LEGIBLE CITY MAP DETAIL, BRISTOL, UK
  • 34. ACCOMPLISHED IT HAS BEEN ILLUSION THE DANGER IN COMMUNICATION IS THE —GEORGE BERNARD SHAW DIRECTIONALSIGNAGEONTHENIEDERHORN,SWITZERLAND