IoT applications for connected vehicle and ITS

Internet of Things Applications
For
Connected Vehicles
And
IoT Applications for Connected Vehicle and Intelligent Transport Systems
And
Intelligent Transport Systems
Mr. Shashank Dhaneshwar,
Consultant In Automotive Electronics

Basic Facts
About
About
Internet Of Things

Internet of Things: The Vision
Internet of Things: A vision by Mark Weiser to extend Internet
of computers to include objects or things in the real world and
to access them to enable Ubiquitous Computing. It is called as
the Internet of Things.
Enablers for Internet of Things:
Everyday gadgets have turned into Smart objects
empowered by microelectronics and having embedded
computing and communications capabilities, they can
computing and communications capabilities, they can
revolutionize their utility .
Developments in Internet technology and wireless
communications have enabled to form a network of smart
objects in which they can communicate with each other to
provide new useful services for different domains like
transport, healthcare, home automation and so on.

Visualizing Internet Of Things
INTERNETINTERNETINTERNETINTERNET
OFOFOFOF
OFOFOFOF
THINGSTHINGSTHINGSTHINGS

Key Verticals For Internet Of Things
Personal
wearables
Connected
Vehicles
Smart
Homes
Smart
Cities
Smart
Domains

Characteristics Of Internet Of Things
Network of very large no. of smart physical objects mostly
using wireless communication and with a local Server for overall
control.
Each smart object has intelligence to read data from sensors
and to drive the actuators as per the programmed logic.
Smart objects may not be stationary and the network must be
self-configuring.
Data from smart objects is heterogeneous and unstructured
Data from smart objects is heterogeneous and unstructured
since it comes from diverse sources.
The required response time for the smart object is critical to
implement Real Time control. The object needs to be supported
with information and processing power by the Server.
Information security of the network is important to guard
privacy and to protect the smart objects from unauthorized
access.

Cloud Computing For Internet Of Things
Cloud Computing:
Internet of computer workstations shares resources for storage and
computing. The resources are located in a central Data Center away from the
workstation and are said to a form a Cloud. Cloud provides services to meet
computing needs of all client workstations and the paradigm is called as Cloud
computing.
Challenges in application of Cloud Computing for Internet of Things:
The limited communication and computing resources of smart objects
The limited communication and computing resources of smart objects
do not permit direct connection to Cloud Server.
The latency in response from Cloud Server may not be adequate for
Real Time analysis and control applications in Internet of Things.
Solution:
Introducing small Servers as clients of main cloud Server and locate
these very near to the smart objects forming Internet of Things.
In contrast to main server in Cloud, these small servers are near edge or
ground level of network (like a fog); hence they are called Fog servers and
the paradigm is called as Fog Computing.

Need For Fog Computing
Fog Computing:
Fog Computing extends storage and computing services of Cloud to the Edge of
the network to serve Smart objects in Internet of Things.
Advantages of Fog Computing:
Fog Server uses IPv6 protocol to handle very large no of Smart Objects
(The 128 bit address can handle 3.4x 1038 objects)
Fog Server reduces latency to few milliseconds by acting at three levels:
Data latency is reduced by taking snapshot of data in memory just
Data latency is reduced by taking snapshot of data in memory just
when it is required.
Analysis latency is reduced by using Real Time Analytics which uses in-
memory techniques to use snapshots of data from multiple smart
objects.
Action latency is reduced by direct connection with the smart object.
Use of GPS and similar technologies enables Fog Server to use location
based context while computing and providing required results for the
application.

An Ecosystem For Internet Of Things

Architecture Of An Internet Of Things Based Solution

Applications Of
Internet Of Things
For
For
Connected Vehicle
And ITS

Intelligent Transport System
History: A concept developed by US DOT since 1996 to ensure better
surface transport and to avoid road accidents, traffic jams and
increased pollution. ( present update is version 6.0)
Definition: Intelligent Transportation System is defined as
the application of advanced sensor, computer, electronics and
communication technologies and management strategies- in an
integrated manner- to improve safety and efficiency of the surface
integrated manner- to improve safety and efficiency of the surface
transportation system.
National ITS Architecture: It is a framework to develop integrated
transportation systems ; it identifies organization involved, systems
operated, functions performed, communication links used and
information exchanged between the entities in the framework.

National Architecture: Intelligent Transport Systems
Centers
Commercial
Vehicle
Administration
Archived
Data
Management
Travelers
Toll
Administration
Emergency
Management
Traffic
Management
Fleet and
Freight
Management
Transit
Management
Maintenance &
Construction
Management
Emissions
Management
Personal
Information
Access
Remote
Traveler
Support Information
Service
Provider
VehicletoVehicleCommunications
Wide Area Wireless
Fixed-Point to Fixed-Point Communications
Vehicles Field
Roadway
Parking
Management
Commercial
Vehicle
Check
VehicletoVehicleCommunications
(Mobile) Communications
Vehicle
Transit
Vehicle
Commercial
Vehicle
Emergency
Vehicle
Maintenance &
Construction
Vehicle
Security
Monitoring
DedicatedShortRange
Communications
Toll Collection
Fixed-Point to Fixed-Point Communications

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
Five Segments of ITS :
1.Traveler segment: Users who are beneficiary of services
provided by ITS.
2.Vehicle segment: Vehicles on road needing ITS services for
effective utilization.
3.Field segment: Road traffic support infrastructure like signals,
3.Field segment: Road traffic support infrastructure like signals,
information display.
4.Core services: Analysis & reports using data collected from
Vehicle & Infrastructure.
5.Centers: Agencies for communication and co-ordination
between different segments.

Intelligent Transportation System

Connected Vehicle
A connected vehicle forms the important segment of ITS Architecture; all
types of passenger and commercial vehicles are grouped under this segment.
Important Facts:
A connected vehicle is capable of sharing its information(position, direction
and speed) using wireless links with other vehicles on road (V2V). Also it can
communicate with infrastructures like signal, road sign, bus stop, toll
stations, fuel pumps etc using vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication.
The wireless communication technologies used by a connected vehicle
The wireless communication technologies used by a connected vehicle
include GSM, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi & Wi-Max and DSRC(Dedicated
Short Range Communication).
Communication technologies in Connected Vehicle have a larger range of
up to 1000 meters and have a higher potential to protect the vehicle from
crashes with obstacles and other vehicles on road as compared to on-vehicle
Radars, Cameras and LIDAR systems.
While safety systems like Air Bag help to survive the occupant after a crash,
the V2V and V2I communications help to prevent the accident itself.

Inside A Connected Vehicle: In-Vehicle Network

Gateway ECU/Telematics Control Unit
CAN
Application Processor
FlexRay MOST
ZigBee
GSM
GPS
BluetoothWi-Fi
LIN
DSRC
Block Diagram:
Analog I/O
Digital I/O
ZigBee
modem
Bluetooth
modem
Wi-Fi
modem
DSRC
modem
Features:
A 32 bit/64 bit Application Processor with multitasking Real Time Kernel.
CAN, FlexRay, MOST and LIN communication interfaces for linking to ECUs .
Digital and Analog I/O for interfacing with sensors and actuators on vehicle.
GPS receiver for position information using satellite based navigation.
GSM modem for long range global communications.
Near field communications using Wi-Fi, ZigBee and Bluetooth modems.

Wireless Networks For Automotive Applications
Wi-Fi Bluetooth ZigBee
Frequencies 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz 2.45 GHz 915 MHz ,
868 MHz,
2.4 GHz
Channels 16@2.4 GHz
80@5 GHz
79 10@915 MHz
26@2.4GHz
Data rate 12 Mbits/sec 3 Mbits/sec 250 Kbits/sec
Data rate 12 Mbits/sec
typical
3 Mbits/sec 250 Kbits/sec
Range (outdoor) 160 meters 100 meters 100 meters
Transmission
scheme
Digital spread
spectrum
Frequency
hopping spread
spectrum
Digital spread
spectrum

Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is IEEE
802.11p standard for wireless communication in 5.9 GHz
band. It is based on another standard IEEE 1609.
Features of DSRC:
Dedicated licensed bandwidth at 5.9 GHz for secure &
reliable communications.
Fast Network acquisition for Active Safety applications.
Fast Network acquisition for Active Safety applications.
Low latency of the order of milliseconds for Active
Safety applications.
Works reliably in extreme weather conditions(rain, fog)
and also under high vehicle speed conditions.
Safety messages are transmitted with higher priority.
Supports both V2V and V2I communications.
Provides message authentication and privacy.

Internet of Things Inside Vehicles
Electronic Controls on modern vehicles:
A modern vehicle uses more than 50 Electronic controls for efficient operation
of its subsystems like Engine, Transmission, Braking, Climate control, Air Bag,
Suspension control, Infotainment, comfort systems etc; These Electronic
Control units have following characteristics:
Based on Microprocessor Control.
Use of Electromechanical Sensors for inputs about vehicle condition.
Use of Electromechanical Actuators (Valves, relays, solenoids) as a
means to control vehicle components.
Software program to execute Control algorithm.
Software program to execute Control algorithm.
Network interface to communicate with other ECUs and sensors.
Internet of Things inside a vehicle:
The ECUs are connected in a network. A Gateway ECU controls communication
between the ECUs as well with the outside world. Functions like Anti-skid
braking will need co-ordination between several ECUs viz. Braking, Steering
and Engine systems. The Gateway ECU can provide information on weather,
terrain etc; from outside world for effective execution of the function. The
overall configuration works like a segment of Internet of Things.

IoT Applications For Connected Vehicles And ITS
1. Using Smart Phone for remote control of vehicles.
2. Monitoring driving habits using Smart Phone.
3. GPS based vehicle tracking and fleet management.
4. Assisted GPS for intra-city navigation.
5. Emergency help and E-Call system for vehicles.
6. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics.
7. Remote Engine Monitoring in Real time.
7. Remote Engine Monitoring in Real time.
8. Electronic Toll Collection systems.
9. BRTS and Smart Signals.
10.Parking space management.
11.Collision avoidance.
These applications are normally implemented using Internet of Things
solution architecture having distinct layers for sensing, Fog /Edge
computing, Device management and Applications.

Using Smart Phone For Remote Control Of Vehicle
Bluetooth link
Application on Smart Phone and Gateway ECU in Vehicle
communicate using Bluetooth link to provide remote control
communicate using Bluetooth link to provide remote control
functions for vehicle:
Lock/unlock doors.
Roll windows up/down.
AC temperature +/-
Following alerts can be shown on phone:
Lights ON
Handbrake ON
Doors OPEN

Monitoring Driving Habits Using Smart Phone
Telematics
Cloud
Smart Phone a link between Driver monitoring system and Cloud Server.
GPRS used for communication with Cloud and Bluetooth for linking to
GSM
Bluetooth
GPRS used for communication with Cloud and Bluetooth for linking to
vehicle.
Information acquired from vehicle: Sudden acceleration, sharp turn, abrupt
braking, driver alertness as detected by infrared camera.
Driver profile created by analyzing the data can be used by Insurance
companies for Pay-As-You-Drive schemes.
Logged data useful to police for analysis in case of accidents.
Useful feedback to driver for improving own skills.

Use Case: GPS based Vehicle Tracking
Telematics Server to track several vehicles simultaneously using GPS data
from them.
Content Server provides weather & traffic Info, digital Maps using
location of vehicle.
GPRS/GSM network acting as communication link between vehicle &
stakeholders.

Example: Vehicle Tracking And Fleet Management
Services for commercial vehicles:
Geo-fencing and route violation
reports for vehicles.
Fuel consumption and theft
monitoring.
Driver monitoring for fatigue and
improper driving style for Use Based
Insurance applications.
Hazard and accident reporting.
Hazard and accident reporting.
Vehicle health monitoring and
predictive maintenance.
Vehicle location and expected time
of arrival based on Real Time
location and speed information from
vehicle.
Management of large fleets of commercial vehicle is more efficient using
GPS based vehicle tracking techniques.

Use Case: Assisted GPS Service
GSM Service providers offer Assisted GPS (A-GPS) service to overcome
limitations of GPS in urban areas with high rise buildings and poor accuracy of
GPS under adverse weather conditions. A-GPS is useful for Navigation and
Route Guidance.

Details: Assisted GPS
Features of Assisted GPS:
1. GSM Service provider installs special infrastructure consisting of Access
points and an Assistance Server in the field for its subscribers.
2. Users wishing to use A-GPS have their mobile devices fitted with special
GPS receiver which processes both satellite signals and inputs from A-
GPS service.
3. Use of GPRS allows faster communication between all blocks of A-GPS.
4. Access Point is a high sensitivity & accurate GPS receiver ; several such
4. Access Point is a high sensitivity & accurate GPS receiver ; several such
Access Points are installed at various precisely known positions in field.
5. A-GPS is supported by a network of Access Points and Assistance Server
which calculates correction values for estimating location from
information from Access Points and sends it back to them.
6. Assisted GPS receiver uses GPS signals from satellites as well correction
signals received from Access Points to calculate position accurately.

Use Case: Emergency Help and e-Call System
Emergency Help System/ E-CALL is a GPRS based ITS application aimed to
provide help to crash victims and prevent loss of human lives. It uses systems
in vehicle and traffic infrastructure to facilitate fast communication & co-
ordination during the critical period after the crash.
Requirements:
Help must be given to accident victims in first “golden hour”.
Automatic detection of crash and activation of safety features like Air Bag,
unlocking doors.
Automatic connection of help centre with victims through voice call
Automatic connection of help centre with victims through voice call
Information required to be sent to help centre for effective help:
No of passengers in vehicle, speed of vehicle, type of crash viz frontal,
rear, side.
Exact location of vehicle, landmarks, traffic information.

Use Case: E-Call System Components
Crash and
Rollover
Detection Unit
Left
Right
Front
Rear
Accelerometers
Rollover
Detection
Telematics
Control Unit
Engine Control
Unit
Anti-Lock
Braking
Control Unit
Body Control
Unit
Accelerometers
Door LocksGyroscope Tacho

Event Diagram for e-Call System

Details Of E-Call System
Functioning of E-CALL System
Crash detection ECU receives information from other ECUs & sensors
and sets trigger in case of crash.
Telematics ECU communicates with outside world after crash
detection and handles emergency data transmission & voice call.
Engine ECU switches off fuel & engine.
Body control module activates safety features like un-locking of doors.
Interaction with other agencies:
Interaction with other agencies:
Accident data sent to all agencies involved using GPRS communication for
co-ordination.
Vehicles carrying help and maintenance teams move faster with route
guidance & traffic control instructions generated by the system to give
preference to help to victims.
Other vehicular traffic can be diverted effectively by traffic control centre
as per instruction of emergency help centre.
Records of action reports can be used for future planning and
improvements.

Use Case: Remote Diagnostics of Vehicle

Details: Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
Details of operation:
1. Smart phone is used as Diagnostics Tester and runs Tester Software as an
application. Diagnostics Trouble Code (DTC) stored in ECUs is read by Tester
using Diagnostics Communication protocols.
2. DTC is used as a key by the tester software in Smart Phone to decide area of
fault and corrective action for repair.
3. Bluetooth communication between vehicle and Smart Phone enables
Diagnostic communication with all ECUs connected to the In-vehicle
Network and Gateway.
Network and Gateway.
4. GPRS communication between Smart Phone and central Expert System
Server enables download of required Diagnostics information to Smart
Phone and enables it to handle different vehicle models.
5. Expert System stores ECU data for different ECUs & vehicles in standard ODX
format for supporting different vehicle models with single application
program on Smart Phone.
6. Remote Diagnostics can be used for Real Time Engine monitoring during
development phase or for special vehicles like racing cars.

Sample Diagnostics Information
S.r DTC Problem area Corrective/remedial action
1 P0300 Random Engine
misfire
Check for vacuum leaks, low fuel pressure,
leaky EGR valve, dirty fuel injector
2 P0301 to
P0304
Cylinder specific
misfire
Check worn spark plug, dead injector, leaky
head gasket
3 P0420 and
P0430
Catalytic converter
efficiency
Replace catalytic converter
4 P0133 ,
P0135and
Exhaust Gas
Oxygen sensor
Check for heater circuit of O2 sensor, O2
sensor voltage and for vacuum leak.
P0135and
P0141
Oxygen sensor sensor voltage and for vacuum leak.
5 P0401 Exhaust Gas
Recirculation Valve
Clean the EGR valve and recheck; else
replace the valve.
6 P0128 Engine coolant
thermostat faulty
Check and replace faulty component
7 P0411,
P0440,P04
42
Evaporative
Emission Control
System
Check for loose gas cap, purge valve.

Remote Engine Monitoring In Real Time
Sr. No Parameter Frequency
1 Vehicle speed
2 to 5 times per
second
2 Air/fuel ratio
3 Intake airflow
4 Engine RPM
5 Engine load
6 Accelerator Pedal position
7 Lambda sensor voltage
7 Lambda sensor voltage
8 Catalyst temperature
9 Intake air pressure
10 EGR and ignition advance
11 Intake air temperature
Once in 30
seconds
12 Coolant temperature
13 Ambient temperature and pressure
13 Tank fuel level
14 Battery voltage

Use Case: Electronic Toll Collection
Read
RF ID
Valid?
Debit
Start
Yes
No
Sensors used:
RF ID for vehicle & TAG reader on Toll gate
Number plate on vehicle & Camera on Toll gate
Debit
user A/c
Collect
cash
Open
gate
Read veh reg. no. & save
End

Use Case: BRTS and Smart Signals
1. Special sensors embedded in road detect presence of passing vehicles in different
lanes and send information to local data server through serial ports.
2. The local server analyses data about vehicles in different lanes and gives GREEN signal
to public transport buses (BRTS) on priority.
3. The central database server stores such logged data from all local servers and provides
information to traffic controllers, pedestrians and vehicles through Web.

Use Case: Parking Space Allocation
Parking Space with controller
Compact
Car
Space
Sedan Car
Space
SUV /VAN
space
Parking Space Display
Compact space No.
Sedan space No.
SUV space No.
Parking space system uses ZigBee network for communication
with sensors and actuators for handling vehicles.
with sensors and actuators for handling vehicles.
Vehicle is identified by RF tag attached to it at the entrance.
Communication between vehicle & parking space controller
uses RF tag to inform vehicle model and time for which facility
is required.
Controller allocates free space with matching requirement and
information is displayed both on large display as well the On-
board display of vehicle.
RF tag is removed & read at exit to decide and to print bill for
parking.

Blind Spot Detection
Use Case: Collision Avoidance Systems
Video cameras fitted on rear view mirrors cover
vehicles approaching the blind spot areas from rear.
On-vehicle processor uses image processing technology
to detect presence and speed of approaching vehicles
and generates warning signals for driver
Front Crash Avoidance
Radars fitted on front and rear windshields
Radars fitted on front and rear windshields
detect vehicles and their speeds and measure
their distance.
The processor on vehicle sends messages to
vehicles critically near to it using V2V
communications.
The brakes on vehicle are automatically
applied to reduce the speed if necessary

Future Directions: Vehicular Cloud Computing
In conventional ITS approach, several Roadside Units(RSUs) like Signals, toll
gates, fuel pumps are used which provide storage and computing resources
to form local clouds and enable ITS applications like Smart Signals, Electronic
Toll collection, Fuel bill payment etc;
On highways, in parking spaces etc; it is not practical to install the large no.
of RSUs for enabling required functions like finding parking space, locating
parked vehicle, collision avoidance, accident and road closed information etc;
also direct access to cloud may be costly and slow.
A novel approach which uses computing power and storage capacity of
A novel approach which uses computing power and storage capacity of
vehicles on road is receiving attention of all concerned. It is called as Vehicular
Cloud Computing(VCC) which forms a cloud by using the idle computing power
and storage of the vehicles participating in the formation of the cloud.
Typical scenarios in which VCC can be used with advantage are:
Airport parking space.
Collision and accident warning on highways.
Traffic control at intersections & in traffic jam conditions.

Concluding Remarks…
The effective implementation of ITS is hampered in many cases due to lack of
connectivity between various stakeholders and systems in transport domain
and also due to lack of communication with other domains.
Internet of Things aims to bring all gadgets, systems, smart objects of all
domains under one umbrella of communication to provide a Common
Operating Picture for easier visualization of new services to benefit individuals
and to protect the environment.
As new developments for eco-friendly, energy efficient and safer mobility
solutions lead to growth of smart transport systems and increasingly
autonomous vehicles, the concepts of Internet of Things will help to find
innovative approaches to meet the challenges.
The developments in the field of Information Technology and
Microelectronics will act as catalyst to implement reliable solutions for ITS and
Automotive domain, based on Internet of Things at an affordable cost.

Thank you!
Thank you!

List Of Acronyms
Acronym
BT Bluetooth
CAN Control Area Network
DSRC Direct Short Range
communication
DTC Diagnostic trouble code
ECU Electronic Control Unit
Acronym
LIDAR Light detection and ranging
MOST Media oriented system
transport
ODX Open Diagnostics Data
Exchange
RSU Roadside unit
ECU Electronic Control Unit
EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation
GSM Global System Mobile
GPS Global Positioning System
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
IoT Internet of Things
ITS Intelligent Transport System
LIN Local Interconnect Network
TCP/IP Transport Control Internet
Protocol
VCC Vehicular Cloud Computing
V2V Vehicle to vehicle
V2I Vehicle to infrastructure
Wi-Fi Trademark for IEEE 802.11x
Wi-Max Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access

LIN(Local Interconnect Network) Bus Specifications
Specifications:
A low cost solution for networking of sensors, actuators
and simple ECUs.
A broadcast serial network with one master and up to 16
slaves.
Single wire communication at data rates up to 19.2 k
bits/sec at 40 meters length.
bits/sec at 40 meters length.
Variable data length of 2, 4 and 8 bytes.
Data checksum and error detection.
Detection of defective nodes.
Guaranteed latency times.
Multicast reception with time synchronization.
Flexible configuration.

MOST(Media Oriented System Transport) Bus
Specifications:
High speed multimedia network technology for Automotive
applications.
Based on OSI 7 layer communication model.
Handles Video, Audio, Voice and Data transmission.
Can transfer 15 stereo audio channels or 15 MPEG1 compatible
audio/video channels.
Data/messages can be sent through control channel.
Data/messages can be sent through control channel.
Uses Ring topology and can accommodate up to 64 MOST
devices.
One device is Timing Master and rest are Timing followers.
As per bandwidth/no. of channels, three different versions of
MOST bus
Uses Plastic Optical Fiber cables as media.
Generates no interference due to radiation.

Control Area Network (CAN)
Introduced by Bosch in 1987 for Automotive applications.
Multi-master serial bus using two wire cable for Electronic Control Units
with Low Speed and High Speed versions.
Message ID defines content type and priority of message on the bus.
Message filters on CPU can be programmed to selectively receive
messages on bus.

Basics of Global Positioning System
NAVSTAR GPS: Navigation System with Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System
Facts:
1. An initiative from US Dept of Defense for military & civil applications.
2. A navigation system made up of 28 satellites orbiting earth at 20,000 Km
in 12 hours time period.
3. Six different orbits with four to six satellites in each orbit.
4. At least four satellites visible at any point on earth at all time.
5. Satellites controlled and maintained by Ground Control Stations.
6. Each satellite sends its position & time stamp based on Atomic clock .
7. A special RF receiver detects the extremely weak (-160dBm) signal from at
GPS Constellation
7. A special RF receiver detects the extremely weak (-160dBm) signal from at
least four satellites to calculate its own position.
Position Calculation
Methodology:
1. All satellite clocks & clock on GPS receiver synchronized.
2. Time difference Td = current time of receiver – time stamp of
satellite signal received.
3. Distance of GPS receiver from satellite = Td x speed of light
4. Location of receiver in XY plane = lower intersection of circles with
radii as distances and centers as position of satellites.
5. Use of two more satellites allows calculation of position in 3D and
eliminates errors due to drift of Atomic clocks used.

Typical Sensors Used On Vehicle Control Systems
Technology Measurement
Function
Examples
Thermistors Temperature Temp. of coolant, air & air
Thermocouple Temperature Exhaust gas and turbocharger
temperature
Magnetic Speed Vehicle speed and wheel speed
Variable resistance Position Throttle position sensor
Variable resistance Position Throttle position sensor
MEMS
(micromechanics
with piezo resistive)
Air Pressure Atmospheric pressure
Piezo Electric Vibration Knock sensor for Engine
Capacitive Acceleration ABS, Air Bag
Hot wire Air Flow Engine control

IoT applications for connected vehicle and ITS

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