![• Current Sensor:
These current sensor ICs are in high volume production in many industrial applications such
as motor control, smart meters, 2-wheelers, robotics, building automation or power tools, and
in various places in today's cars.
• Energy Meter:
Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed. The most
common unit of measurement on the electricity measurement is the kilowatt hour [kWh], which
is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt hour over a period of one hour.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iotbasedsmartenergygrid-3-220823051914-083927d5/85/IoT-Based-Smart-Energy-Grid-3-docx-5-320.jpg)
IoT Based Smart Energy Grid-3.docx
- 1. IoT Based Smart Energy Grid ABSTRACT The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly emerging field of technologies that delivers numerous cutting- edge solutions in various domains including the critical infrastructures. Thanks to the IoT, the conventional power system network can be transformed into an effective and smarter energy grid. In this article, we review the architecture and functionalities of IoT-enabled smart energy grid systems. Specifically, we focus on different IoT technologies including sensing, communication, computing technologies, and their standards in relation to smart energy grid. This article also presents a comprehensive overview of existing studies on IoT applications to the smart grid system. Based on recent surveys and literature, we observe that the security vulnerabilities related to IoT technologies have been attributed as one of the major concerns of IoT-enabled energy systems. Therefore,we review the existing threat and attack models for IoT-enabled energy systems and summarize mitigation techniques for those security vulnerabilities. Finally, we highlight how advanced technologies (e.g., blockchain, machine learning, and artificial intelligence) can complement IoT-enabled energy systems to be more resilient and secure and overcome the existing difficulties so that they become more effective, robust, and reliable in operation. Precisely, this article will help understand the framework for IoT-enabled smart energy system, associated security vulnerabilities, and prospects of advanced technologies to improve the effectiveness of smart energy systems. INTRODUCTION Electricity is considered to be the heart of modern social and economic development. Advances in technology tempted us to use electricity-driven elements in every aspect of our life from commercial to domestic sector for shaping our lives to be more comfortable. However new challenges have arisen where further investigation is necessary on how to manage the supply- demand balance of electricity more effectively, securely and reliably along with ensuring a coordinated multi-way communication for better monitoring and control of the network and user assets. Faster, fuel-efficient and eco-friendly electric transport and smart home setup have become more available and affordable. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly emerging field of technologies that delivers numerous cutting-edge solutions in various application domains. IoT can resolve those unavoidable challenges by transforming conventional energy grids into modernized Smart Energy Grid system. The IoT-based Smart Energy Grid system equipped with intelligent two-way data communication can significantly improve the operation and control of the traditional energy grid system. These improvements address the reliability, flexibility, efficiency of the conventional grid system. In a smart grid environment, the system must provide services including the large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy resources, establishment of live, real-time data communication between consumers and service providers regarding tariff information and energy consumption, facility to collect and transfer statistics of system parameters for analysis and infrastructure to implement necessary actions based on those analyses. Smart Energy grid generates immense data and information that needs to be transferred, processed and stored for intelligent decision making and processing. In this
- 2. situation, the IoT has appeared to be an empowering set of technologies for the smart energy grid system with substantial perspective due to its multi-dimensional advantages in various sectors. The IoT integration introduces extra precision and competence by the means of intelligent and proactive features and converts the traditional legacy power grid into an efficient smart energy grid. The big challenges of conventional power grid system are related to the power quality and reliability, which can be resolved with the assistance of Internet of Things (IoT) by providing enhanced management of these challenges. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) assisted with Smart Metering (SM) technologies can facilitate the transformation of conventional power grid system to a smart grid system by introducing intelligent information processing features during the electricity flow between the service provider and consumers. The IoT delivers great prospective for improving and governing energy consumption through the incorporation of sensing and actuation systems in the AMI. This integrated system gathers a huge amount of data and information regarding different aspects of the grid system such as energy consumption, voltage reading, current reading, phase measurement, etc. The cutting-edge technologies of IoT can trim down those huge data, transmit and process those data in an intelligent manner to achieve effective management of the energy grid system. IoT technologies can bring significant impacts in numerous field of Smart Energy grid System that includes power generation infrastructure management, SCADA connected system for managing transmission and distribution operation, advanced metering infrastructure, carbon footprint and environmental monitoring, smart home and smart building system and so on. Fog computing based advanced edge computing technology can ensure a local monitoring and control of distributed energy resources and may provide solutions to the cyber vulnerabilities of the traditional centralized SCADA system. The smart home and smart building integrate sensing, data storage, network adaptability, and computing abilities into a household or building elements such as bulb, power outlet, air conditioner, door, window, gas & smoke detector etc. As a result, these elements can be connected in a network via which they can be accessed and controlled from a remote location over the internet. Although IoT has enabled a much improved and efficient energy system monitoring and operation, the deployment of IoT technology also poses some challenges. For example, within IoT framework, cyber-adversaries can initiate cyber-attacks which can bring severe damage like a significant power outage, social security threats, and massive business loss for the utility providers and less severe damages like localize outage or physical damage on consumer end devices. IoT based security vulnerabilities include manipulating energy data analysis, energy theft, interrupting the process of transactive energy system and energy market. Potential technologies such as blockchain mechanism, machine learning and artificial intelligence, can be used to encounter those challenges as well as operate the Smart Energy Grid system more efficiently. BLOCK DIAGRAM
- 3. Figure – Block diagram of IoT based smart energy grid COMPONENTS REQUIRED Hardware Specifications • ATmega328P AVR MC • Optocoupler • Current Sensor • Energy Meter • ESP8266 WIFI Module • LCD • Crystal Oscillator • Resistors • Capacitors • Transistors • Cables & Connectors
- 4. • Diodes • PCB • LED • Transformer/Adapter • Push Button • Load (Lamps) Software Specifications • IoT Gecko • Arduino Compiler • MC Programming Language: C Components Operations/Functions • ATmega328P AVR MC: ATmega328P is a high performance yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR microcontroller that's able to achieve the most single clock cycle execution of 131 powerful instructions thanks to its advanced RISC architecture. It can commonly be found as a processor in Arduino boards such as Arduino Fio and Arduino Uno. • Optocoupler: An Optocoupler effectively isolates an output and input circuit. This device basically works like a switch, connecting two isolated circuits on your PCB. When current stops flowing through the LED, the photosensitive device also stops conducting and turns off.
- 5. • Current Sensor: These current sensor ICs are in high volume production in many industrial applications such as motor control, smart meters, 2-wheelers, robotics, building automation or power tools, and in various places in today's cars. • Energy Meter: Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed. The most common unit of measurement on the electricity measurement is the kilowatt hour [kWh], which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt hour over a period of one hour.
- 6. • ESP8266 WIFI Module: The ESP8266 WIFI Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WIFI network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor. • LCD: liquid crystal display (LCD) has liquid crystal material sandwiched between two sheets of glass. Without any voltage applied between transparent electrodes, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in parallel with the glass surface. • Crystal Oscillator: Crystal oscillators operate on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect in which an alternating voltage applied across the crystal surfaces causes it to vibrate at its natural frequency. It is these vibrations which eventually get converted into oscillations.
- 7. • Resistors: The resistor absorbs the electrical energy in the process where it acts as a hindrance to the flow of electricity by reducing the voltage, and it is dissipated as heat. In today's world of electronic circuits, the heat dissipation is typically a fraction of a watt. • Capacitors: capacitor is a device that is used to store charges in an electrical circuit. A capacitor works on the principle that the capacitance of a conductor increases appreciably when an earthed conductor is brought near it. Hence, a capacitor has two plates separated by a distance having equal and opposite charges. • Transistors: transistor is that it lets you control the flow of current through one channel by varying the intensity of a much smaller current that's flowing through a second channel. A transistor is a semiconductor device with three terminals, capable of amplification and rectification.
- 8. • Cables & Connectors: Cables: Electrical cables work by providing a low resistance path for the current to flow through. Electrical cables consist of a core of metal wire offering good conductivity such as copper or aluminium, along with other material layers including insulation, tapes, screens, armouring for mechanical protection, and sheathing Connectors: They can be used to join multiple conductors, to connect wires to a printed circuit board, or to terminate a cable into a plug or socket. • Diodes: The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the reverse direction).
- 9. • PCB: PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non- conductive substrate. • LEDs: LEDs work on the principle of Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the diode, minority charge carriers and majority charge carriers recombine at the junction. On recombination, energy is released in the form of photons.
- 10. • Transformer/Adapter: The core of the transformer works to direct the path of the magnetic field between the primary and secondary coils to prevent wasted energy. Once the magnetic field reaches the secondary coil, it forces the electrons within it to move, creating an electric current via electromotive force (EMF). • Push Button: It switches function in the same way. Pressure is placed on the button or actuator, resulting in the depression of the internal spring and contacts and the touching of stable contacts at the bottom of the switch.
- 11. • Load (Lamps): Lifting device or accessory can exert to lift, suspend, or lower, a given mass without fear of breaking.