IoT RF Protocols
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The document outlines various IoT protocols that address specific issues related to device and network constraints, such as power consumption and radio propagation. It discusses different protocols like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Dash7, Sigfox, and LoRa, each suited for different applications, ranging from agriculture to smart city implementations. Key considerations for protocol selection include low power usage, data transmission rates, and encryption methods.
IoT RF Protocols
- 1. Radio Frequency Protocols of The Internet of Things Jonathan Brewer Network Startup Resource Center [email protected] These materials are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
- 2. What’s an IoT Protocol?
- 3. IoT Protocols for IoT Problems • Device Constraints • Low Power • Low CPU • Small Size • Network Constraints • Radio Propagation Issues • Radio Power Utilisation • Interference from Self, Other Devices
- 4. IoT Protocols: Wi-Fi • 802.11b/g/n is pervasive and low cost • Microprocessor + WiFi module at US $7 each. • Default protocol for “connected devices” • Where power is available, Wi-Fi works, but… • Wi-Fi doesn’t solve many IoT problems
- 5. IoT Protocols: 802.15.n • Includes Zigbee, Bluetooth, BLE • 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4GHz • 20kbps – 1mbps depending on spectrum available • Star, tree, mesh topologies • Low power consumption • Low cost - at least in 2.4GHz band • 128-bit encryption keys • Several network simulators available
- 6. IoT Wireless: Lo-Fi, Motenio, Etc. • Serial across 433, 868, 915 MHz MHz • Open Source RFM69 Libraries • 1.2-300 kbps • Rx Sensitivity to -120dBm at 1.2kbps • Some support encryption using RFM69W chip • Star topology • Other Similar chips / protocols available • Very inexpensive – US $3.50 per module
- 7. IoT Protocols: Dash7 • RFID standard for Wireless Sensor Networking • BLAST: bursty, light, asynchronous, stealth, transitive • 433 MHz ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) band • Open Source Protocol Stack • Shared key AES encryption • Data transfer 10-200kbps • 1-10km range • Low cost hardware
- 8. IoT Protocols: Z-Wave • Proprietary across multiple frequency bands • 9.6-100kbps • Very low power use for end devices, 0.1% duty cycle • Mesh topology - devices individually added to mesh • Mesh repeaters cannot sleep (so not battery powered) • 32 bit addressing limits use to homes / businesses
- 9. IoT Protocols: SigFox • Proprietary at 868MHz & 915MHz in the US • Low power consumption • SigFox owns/operates the Receiver network • European, USA, and AU/NZ Networks. • Up to 140 12-byte messages a day • 10-1000 bits per second • Encryption? • Target pricing US $1/device/year
- 10. IoT Protocols: LoRa • Low Power Wide Area Network • Designed for wireless, battery operated devices • Supports bi-directional comms, mobility, localisation • Star or star of stars topology (not mesh or p2p) • 0.3-50kbps via adaptive data rate scheme • Multiple levels of encryption (Net/App/Device) • Supports time slot scheduling of device transmission
- 11. IoT Protocols: Weightless / nbIoT • Open Standard at Multiple Frequency Bands • Standards for TVWS & now Narrowband 868MHz • Integrates w/ Cellular as nbIoT using re-farmed GSM • Low power consumption - nodes can sleep for days • From bits per second to megabits per second • Intelligent scheduling at the tower end • Public Key Encryption • Supports itinerant nodes
- 12. LTE-M (LTE-MTC / LTE IoT) • MTC = “Machine Type Communications” • Cat-M1 version to be included in 3GPP Release 13 • Uses existing LTE base stations w/ software upgrade • Six 230 KHz channels per 1.4 MHz carrier • Data transmissions can be repeated at intervals • Endpoints tell towers how often they want to talk • extended discontinuous repetition cycle (DRX)
- 13. Matching IoT Protocols to Applications • Agriculture • Food Safety • Environmental Controls • Retail Automation • Smart Cities • Transportation • Utility Metering
- 15. Pivot Irrigator: IoT Applications • Potential IoT Applications: • Flow Rate Monitoring • Position Monitoring • Flow Rate Control • Emergency Stop • Image Acquisition for Crop Health
- 16. Pivot Irrigator: IoT Problems • Not a Problem: • Power • CPU • Storage • Size of Device • Radio Spectrum • Radio Propagation
- 17. Pivot Irrigator: IoT Protocols • WiFi/WiMAX/TVWS • (Broadband Wireless) • IPv4/IPv6 • HTTP • REST • JSON • XML
- 19. Drip Irrigation: IoT Applications • Soil Temperature • Soil Moisture • Soil Nutrient / Nitrogen Levels • Solar Radiation
- 20. Drip Irrigation: IoT Problems • Problems: • Power • Low CPU • Size of Device • Radio Spectrum • Radio Propagation
- 21. Drip Irrigation: IoT Protocols • Dash7 (Dash7 @ 433 MHz) • RFM69 (Serial @ 433 MHz) • SigFox (Proprietary @ 868 MHz) • Taggle (Proprietary @ 915 MHz) • Weightless (Weightless @ Multiple Bands)
- 23. Retail Supermarkets: IoT Applications • Potential IoT Applications: • Electronic Labels • Low Stock Alerts • Temperature Monitors • Gas Alerts • Mouse Traps • Lighting Monitoring
- 24. Retail Supermarkets: IoT Problems • Problems: • Power • Low CPU • Size of Device • Radio Spectrum • Radio Propagation
- 25. Retail Supermarkets: IoT Protocols • Class Exercise
- 26. Smart City: IoT Protocols