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IOTA OpenURL Quality Initiative - ALA2013
- 1. NISO Annual StandardsUpdate Interoperability and Its Role in Standardization IOTA OpenURL Quality Initiative American Library Association, Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, June 30, 2013 Rafal Kasprowski, Electronic Resources Librarian, Rice University, Houston, TX
- 2. What is IOTA? •IOTA = Improving OpenURLs Through Analytics • Objective: Improving the quality of OpenURL links • Initiative that measures the relative importance of the elements that make up OpenURL links to help vendors improve their OpenURL strings so that the maximum number of OpenURL requests resolve to a correct record. Elements: • journal title book title ISBN • ISSN start page DOI • volume author PMID • issue date …
- 3. Topic: Deliverables publishedApril 2013 Recommended Practice • NISO RP-21-2013, Improving OpenURLs Through Analytics (IOTA): Recommendations for Link Resolver Providers Technical Report • NISO TR-05-2013, IOTA Working Group Summary of Activities and Outcomes
- 4. OpenURL and Interoperability(1) • Interoperability: capacity of different products to be compatible with each other. • Standard exists for OpenURL syntax: how links should be constructed. • Does the OpenURL syntax standard have bearing on the OpenURL links generated by different vendors? • Is it possible to apply a quality metric to OpenURL links across all content providers and link resolvers? • Global metric would be welcome as reliance on OpenURL linking continues to increase • E.g. Use in new web-scale discovery products
- 5. OpenURL and Interoperability(2) • Library product landscape is diversified • Multiple vendors, many products, variety of components • A-Z vendors operate independently of each other • in selecting and organizing content providers in knowledge bases • in developing link resolvers • Content metadata keeps changing • Publisher changes, title changes, increasingly greater holdings available online • Content providers’ work methods vary • Apply their own content indexing schemes • Provide updates to A-Z vendors at different times
- 6. A, Bernand, etal. "A versatile nanotechnology to connect individual nano-objects for the fabrication of hybrid single-electron devices." Nanotechnology 21, no. 44 (November 5, 2010): 445201. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. OpenURL: syntax, resolver, linking nodes http://www.anytarget.com/?issn=0957-4484&volume=21&issue=44&date=20101105 &spage=445201&title=Nanotechnology&atitle=A+versatile+nanotechnology+to+ connect+individual+nano-objects+for+the+ fabrication+of+hybrid+single- electron+devices.&aulast=A++Bernand Source Citation (used to populate source OpenURL link) Target Link (uses OpenURL syntax or other consistent, proprietary URL structure)
- 7. Which OpenURL LinkWorks Better? http://link.resolver1.com/institution?issn=09277765&volume=110&spage=163 &epage=170&title=Colloids+and+Surfaces+B%3a+Biointerfaces&pages= 163-170&atitle=Anti-metastatic+activity+of+biologically+synthesized+gold +nanoparticles+on+human+fibrosarcoma+cell+line+HT&date=20131080 &aufirst=P.&aulast=Karuppaiya&id=doi:10.1016%2fj.colsurfb.2013.04.037 &sid=contentProviderA http://link.resolver2.com/institution?genre=article&atitle=Dirty%2c+White+ Candles%3a+Ernest+Hemingway%27s+Encounter+with+the+East.&title=Texas +Studies+in+Literature+%26+Language&volume=54&issue=4&date=20121201 &aulast=Kenne%2c+Mel&spage=494&sid=contentProviderB
- 8. IOTA’s Objectives A. Producequalitative reports that will help OpenURL providers quickly compare their OpenURL quality to that of their peers. B. Develop community-recognized index for measuring the quality of OpenURL links generated by content providers: scalable across all OpenURLs and their providers
- 9. Usefulness of comparingOpenURLs • Content providers that generate OpenURLs can: • compare their OpenURLs with other providers; • make improvements to their OpenURLs. • Institutions can: • compare links between OpenURL providers; • make local adjustments to OpenURL setup. • Resolver vendors can: • compare links between OpenURL providers; • change their link settings for OpenURL providers.
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- 11. Report types • Metricreports • Viewing how often a particular element or element format • A. is used across vendors • B. is used across databases • Source reports • Viewing how often a particular (A) vendor or (B) database • uses the metrics collected in the data logs
- 12. OpenURL Quality Metric: Components& Premises 1. Core Elements: • Any element contained in IOTA's OpenURL reporting system; • 25M OpenURLs obtained from libraries & content providers. 2. Scoring System: • Assumption: Correlation exists between o # of core elements ("OpenURL completeness") & o ability of OpenURLs to link to specific content. 3. Element Weighting: • Assigned based on their relative importance: o spage vs atitle o issn vs jtitle o doi/pmid vs date, etc.
- 13. The premise behindIOTA • Simple example assuming equal element weights Element Description Weight This OpenURL ATitle Article title 1 AuLast Author’s last name 1 Date Date of publication 1 ISSN ISSN 1 Issue Issue number 1 SPage Start page 1 Title Journal Title 1 Volume Volume number 1 TOTAL 8
- 14. The premise behindIOTA • Simple example assuming equal element weights Element Description Weight This OpenURL ATitle Article title 1 AuLast Author’s last name 1 Date Date of publication 1 ISSN ISSN 1 Issue Issue number 1 SPage Start page 1 Title Journal Title 1 Volume Volume number 1 TOTAL 8 1 1 1 1 1 5 Completeness Score... (Total for This OpenURL) Total Weights 5 / 8 = .625
- 15. Initial Weights OpenURL dataelement Description Weight ATitle Article title 1 AuLast Author’s last name 1 Date Date of publication 5 eISSN Online ISSN 3 ISSN Print ISSN 3 Issue Issue number 3 Jtitle Journal Title 1 Pmid PubMed ID 8 SPage Start page 3 Title Journal Title 1 Volume Volume number 3 DOI Digital Object Identifier 8
- 16. Initial Weights OpenURL dataelement Description Weight ATitle Article title 1 AuLast Author’s last name 1 Date Date of publication 5 eISSN Online ISSN 3 ISSN Print ISSN 3 Issue Issue number 3 Jtitle Journal Title 1 Pmid PubMed ID 8 SPage Start page 3 Title Journal Title 1 Volume Volume number 3 DOI Digital Object Identifier 8 Initial weights were somewhat subjective.
- 17. Initial Weights OpenURL dataelement Description Weight ATitle Article title 1 AuLast Author’s last name 1 Date Date of publication 5 eISSN Online ISSN 3 ISSN Print ISSN 3 Issue Issue number 3 Jtitle Journal Title 1 Pmid PubMed ID 8 SPage Start page 3 Title Journal Title 1 Volume Volume number 3 DOI Digital Object Identifier 8 Most link resolver knowledge bases can handle look-ups by either Print ISSN or Online ISSN (both are not needed)
- 18. Initial Weights OpenURL dataelement Description Weight ATitle Article title 1 AuLast Author’s last name 1 Date Date of publication 5 eISSN Online ISSN 3 ISSN Print ISSN 3 Issue Issue number 3 Jtitle Journal Title 1 Pmid PubMed ID 8 SPage Start page 3 Title Journal Title 1 Volume Volume number 3 DOI Digital Object Identifier 8 Most link resolvers will enhance identifiers like PubMed ID and DOI; therefore, having an identifier is like having all metadata elements.
- 19. OpenURL Completeness Completeness Score •measure of the “completeness” of a single OpenURL • sum of element weights found in an OpenURL divided by the maximum score possible Completeness Index • attributed to the content provider as an overall measure of the completeness of their OpenURLs • average of Completeness Scores of OpenURLs coming from that content provider
- 20. OpenURL linking “success” •Need to evaluate correlation between completeness score and ability of OpenURL to generate item-level link (e.g. article full text) • The link generated should populate resolver menu • Success concept within bounds of OpenURL node in link resolving process (between source and link resolver) Matthew Reidsma, “Rethinking Stock User Interfaces", http://matthew.reidsrow.com/articles/11 • Initial OpenURL completeness / success correlation not high enough
- 21. A Statistical Approachto Determining Element Weights • Select a set of “perfect” OpenURLs • include all key data elements and resolve to full text • Perform step-wise regression • Test failure rates for each element by removing that element • Use failure rates as basis for weights • Use new weights to test for correlation between weights and success for larger sample
- 22. Calculated Element Weights CoreElement Failure Percentage* Element Weight** ATitle 0.74% 1.87 AuLast 0.07% 0.83 Date 0.40% 1.61 ISSN 22.02% 3.34 Issue 20.27% 3.31 SPage 33.27% 3.52 Title 0.61% 1.78 Volume 74.14% 3.87 *Failure Rates from 1,500 OpenURL test sample. **Element weight calculation: log10 (failure-rate-per-10,000 OpenURLs). Most important: Volume, Spage, ISSN, Issue
- 23. Validating the CompletenessScore • Use real OpenURLs and a commercial link resolver. (tested with LinkSource and 360 Link) • Remove institutional holdings as a limit to resolution • Process each OpenURL through the link resolver to determine “Success” • Score 1 point for finding at least one full text target; 0 for no success • Calculate the completeness score for each OpenURL • Look for a statistical correlation between the completeness score and the success score • OpenURL completeness / success correlation close to 1 using statistical weights
- 24. Observations Testing the sameOpenURLs on LinkSource and 360 Link results in different numbers but consistent trends. Differences may be attributed to: • Variations in metadata enhancement techniques • Strictness in target link rules (e.g. required elements before link shows – tied to level of forgiveness of target) • Link syntax used for target
- 25. Conclusions • Step-wise regressionapproach to element weights works • Completeness Index scores can be correlated to actual OpenURL “success” • KB and resolver technology influence results and prevent a universal set of element weights The Completeness Index is a mechanism individual link resolver vendors can use to provide metrics to help improve their service quality
- 26. Recommendations and NextSteps 1. Link Resolver Vendors to make use of IOTA Recommended Practice (NISO RP-21-2013) 2. Content providers to include volume, spage, and issn in article OpenURLs: critical for success 3. Content providers, link resolver vendors, librarians to use IOTA data repository to improve OpenURL linking 4. Stakeholders to continue contributing log data to IOTA repository 5. NISO to assemble working group to investigate standard for link syntaxes between link resolvers and full-text providers
- 27. IOTA Recommended Practice andTechnical Reports • NISO RP-21-2013, Improving OpenURLs Through Analytics (IOTA): Recommendations for Link Resolver Providers • NISO TR-05-2013, IOTA Working Group Summary of Activities and Outcomes Websites • http://www.niso.org/workrooms/openurlquality • http://www.openurlquality.org/