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1) The document discusses representations of the Sámi people in 19th century Swedish natural scientific works by researchers such as Göran Wahlenberg, Lars Levi Læstadius, Sven Lovén, and Axel Hamberg. 2) These works portrayed Sámi people in exoticized, racist, and condescending ways and placed them lower on an evolutionary scale from savagery to civilization based on factors like dwellings and tools. 3) Such representations positioned Sámi people as the exotic "Other" or "Stranger" outside Swedish nationhood, ideologically justifying later exploitation of Sámi lands for forestry, mining, and hydroelectric projects during Scandinavian industrialization
IPY OSC Presentation
- 1. “The Stranger Within”: Representations of Sámi in Norden in 19th-century Swedish Natural Scientific WorksPh.D. Karin Granqvist, SwedenAcknowledgements: Karl Staaff’s Foundation, Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. Professor S.Sörlin, History of Science and Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SwedenSeashore in Norway. Photo: Karin Granqvist
- 3. Representations of Sámiin Works by Natural Scientists:Göran Wahlenberg (1780-1851)Lars Levi Læstadius (1800-1861)Sven Lovén (1809-1895)Axel Hamberg (1863-1933)”Kaisepakte”, mountain, SwedenPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 4. Lars Levi Læstadius’research areaSven Loven’s research areaGöran Wahlenberg’s area of researchAxel Hamberg’s area of research
- 5. Themes of Interestfor Natural Scientists Clothes
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- 11. Origin Anthropology& EthnologyBottom of mountain lake, SwedenPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 12. Evolutionary Process &a Society’s Social Status Savagery
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- 14. CivilisationAnthropological andethnographicals studies placed people at different stages on that scale: portable dwellings such as tents indicated a ’low’ stage; ploughs and stationary dwelling (houses) were markers for a civilized life style; languagescategorised people according to origin.Mountains in SwedenPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 15. Topics that Reinforcedthe Idea of Evolutionwere Studies of Sámi’s Nature and DispositionLovén: Sámi’s good sense of locality was a product of their close contact with nature
- 16. They leda poor life, but it was suited for them – and they aloneWahlenberg: Sámi had bad and low moral
- 17. In business werethey greedy and stingy
- 18. They cheated andcould never be trusted
- 19. They had goodsense of localityLæstadius: Sámi were biological predestined to a life as reindeer herders – other life styles would make them perish, and they would be extinctHamberg: Sámi were lazy and weak, and never showed any type of stamina or endurance
- 20. His Sámi assistantLars Nilsson Tuorda was describe as very competent (poster 1214)Seashore, NorwayPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 21. Representations of Sámiin 19th-century Natural Scientific WorksExotic and picturesque (and/or)
- 22. Racist and condescendingMountainsin afternoon sun, July, SwedenPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 23. 19th-century Theories whenRepresenting Sámi19th-century theories on ”duality” of Man: most famous example is Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in
- 24. Robert Stevenson’s novelfrom 1886
- 25. Similar theories gotto be lamented with Charles Darwin’s theory on the evolution
- 26. Helped explain theorieson ’the Others’; ’the Stranger within the nation’, ’the savages in the civilisation’ such as the SámiCover of new edition of Robert Louis Stevenson’s ”The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde”
- 27. Results of theTheoriesDuality of man was, in the scientific context, suggested not to be found in the single individual(s) – like in the case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde – but amongst people of a larger group, such of a nation or a continent with a non-homogeneity population.
- 28. Representations of Sámi– based on the idea on duality of Man– could also be set in the context of the nation where the Sámi’s existence was appointed to be ‘the other side’ of the nation.
- 29. The theory onthe Evolution emphasised the location of the Sámi outside a civilised nation The Sámi as StrangerImpact on the Swedish IndustrialisationSámi core areas held natural resources: forests, ores, rivers and a designated ’wilderness’
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- 33. National parks, suchas Sarek in 1905Mountain ”glaicer lake”, SwedenPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 34. The Making ofthe Industrialisation in the NorthThe making of the industrialisation in the NorthSimilarities with the colonisation of Africa in the 19th century The African was seen as ’no one’’No one’ inhabited the area, therefore colonisation met no obstacles because no one was in the wayThe Nordic countries turned their colonisation towards their northern regions. The Sámi had been represented as excisting outside the nation the exploitationof the North was made in a designated ’inhabited’ area.Mountain ”glaicer lake”, SwedenPhoto: Karin Granqvist
- 35. ConclusionThe 19th-century representationsof Sámi as “The Stranger”, “The Other” and a Swedish-Nordic “Mr Hyde” – that can be found in 19th-century natural scientific works – placed Sámi ‘outside’ the nation. Therefore was, on an ideological level, no one in the way in Sámi core areas when the exploitation of natural resources in the Swedish and Nordic North started and advanced.Seashore, NorwayPhoto: Karin Granqvist