IRJET- Experimental Investigation for Strength of Concrete by using Fly Ash

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 600
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY
USING FLY ASH
Ankit Tyagi
M. Tech (RADHA GOVIND GROUP OF INSTITUTION, MEERUT UTTAR PRADESH)
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Abstract - The objective of this study wastounderstandthe
effect of physical and chemical properties of fly ash on
strength development and hydration kinetics of mortars and
cement pastes.
Different fly ashes, collected, were used. All the fly ashes and
cements were characterised using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and
X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mortar mixes were prepared by
replacing 25% of cement with fly ash, using three different
water to binder ratios viz. 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, which were cured
under water at a temperature of 27°C. The compressive
strength of mortars was measured at 1, 3, 7, 28 and 90 days.
The results from experiments show that the early strength of
mortars with fly ash is lower than cement mortar but most of
the mortars recover strength by 28 days. Finer fly ashes show
higher or equal strength as compared to OPC after 28 days.
Key Words Development, X-ray, cement Hydration,
Compressive Strength, Binder Ratio.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most used constructionmaterial inthe world.
Cement is the main binding material in concrete. Over the
past 3 decades, the production of cement has grown rapidly
all over the world. cement production has major
environmental issues that are of concern worldwide.
Supplementary cement materials (like fly ash) are used to
partially replace clinker, which eventually reduces the
harmful emissions. The coal used in India has a higher ash
content of about 35-40%, which produces more quantity of
fly ash during combustion of coal in electricity generation.
The energy consumption and CO2 emissionsassociatedwith
the manufacturing of cement can be reduced when fly ash is
used as a partial replacement of clinker. The utilizationof fly
ash as cement replacement material in concrete or as an
additive has many benefits from economical, technical and
environmental points of view.
1.1 ADVANTAGES OF FLY ASH
 It is highly economical
 Use of Fly Ash is environmentally friendly as the
waste materials from industries are effectively
being used to create quality building materials
 Fly Ash has very small particles which makes the
concrete highly dense and reduces thepermeability
of concrete. It can add greater strength to the
building .
 The concrete mixture generates a very low heat of
hydration which prevents thermal cracking.
 Fly Ash concrete is resistant to acid and sulphate
attacks
 The shrinkage of fly ash is very less.
1.2 Disadvantages of Fly Ash
 The quality of fly ash can affect the quality and
strength of cement concrete
 Poor quality fly ash can increase the permeabilityof
the concrete and cause damage to the building.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
To predict the compressive strength of concrete six input
parameters cement, water, silica fume,super plasticizer,fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate were identified considering
two hidden layers for the architecture of neural network.
The results of the study indicated that ANNs have strong
potential as a feasible tool for predicting the compressive
strength of concrete.
Atici et al., (2009) applies multiple regression analysis and
an artificial neural network in estimating the compressive
strength of concrete that contains varying amounts of blast
furnace slag and fly ash. The results reveal that the artificial
neural network models performed better than multiple
regression analysis models.
Serkan subas (2009) investigated that the estimation
ability of the effects of utilizing different amount of the class
C fly ash on the mechanical properties of cement using
artificial neural network and regression methods.
Experimental results were used in the estimation methods.
The developed models and the experimental results were
compared in the testing data set. As a result, compressive
and flexural tensile strength values of mortars containing
various amounts class C fly ash can be predicted in a quite
short period of time with tiny error rates by using the
multilayer feed-forward neural network models than
regression techniques.

Seyed et.al (2011) studied the application of artificial
neural networks to predict compressive strength of high
strength concrete (HSC). A total of 368 different data of HSC
mix-designs were collected from technical literature. The
authors concluded that that the relative percentage error
(RPE) for the training set was 7.02% Silica Fume reduces
bleeding significantly, also blocks the pores in the fresh
concrete so water within the concretenotallowedtocometo
the surface(Bs 1881:part 116:1983;Neville and
brooks,2010) Silica Fume is added to concrete to improve
its properties both the mechanical improvements resulting
from addition of a very fine powder as well as from the
reactions between the silica fume and free calcium
hydroxide in the paste (Detwilerand Mehta,1989;Ahmad
and Awaad, 2014)Addition of silica fume also reduces the
permeability of concrete to chloride ions, which protectsthe
reinforcing steel of concrete from corrosion, especially in
chloride rich environment (ASTM C511;Detwiler and
Mehta, 1989; Awwad Ahmad 2017)
3. MATERIAL USED
Cement
Ordinary Portland cements (OPC) of 53 grade, as defined in
IS: 12269-2004, were used in this study. Standard mortars
prepared using a 53 grade cement following the description
given in the Indian standards achievecompressivestrengths
of 53 MPa at 28 days. Two cements of the same grade were
obtained from cement plants located in Jawad, Madhya
Pradesh and Jojobera, Jharkhand and labelled as C1 and C2
respectively (Table 3.1). The cements originated from
different limestone sources and had different chemical
compositions. The cement C1 is commercially available in
the market. The cement C2 is not sold commercially as OPC
and is normally blended with around 40% to 50% ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) through mechanical
mixing before sale and therefore contains a higher quantity
of gypsum than is usual in India Fly ashesweresourcedfrom
eight different thermal power plants; most of them from
northern and central part of India as shown in Figure 3.1.
The list of sources of the cements and fly ashes is listed in
Table 3. 1. Fly ashes F6 and F7 were obtained by the
mechanical processing of flyashF5inanairseparatorwhere
the coarser particles in F5 were removed. The chemical
composition of the cements and theflyashesweremeasured
using X-Ray Florescence and XRayDiffraction(Table3.4). All
the mortar mixes wereprepared byreplacing25%ofcement
with fly ash either by weight or by volume of the cement.
Sand
River sand, sieved through the standard sieves as defined in
Indian Standard (IS650 2007) to achieve a standardised
grain size distribution, was used in this study. The specific
gravity of the sand was found to be 2.62. All mortar mixes
were prepared using this standardised sand. Several trials
were done on mortars using different sand-to-cementratios
to obtain good consistency and compaction of the mix at all
water to cement ratios and the sand-to-cement ratio was
chosen to be 2.4. This sand-to-cementratiowaschosensince
it was difficult to compact mortars with water-to-cement
ratio of 0.4 and higher sand-to-cement ratio without using
water reducers. Chemical admixtures were avoided to
minimise the number of variables in the mixes.
Mixes
The experiments in this study were carried out on pastes
and mortars. Three water-to-cement ratios of 0.40, 0.45 and
0.50 were used. A uniform replacement ratio of 25% was
used in the blended pastes and mortars. One series of tests
was carried out on cement paste and cement mortar blends
prepared by replacing 25% of the weight of theOPCwiththe
same weight of fly ash (weight replacement). The second
series of tests was performed by replacing 25% of the
volume of the OPC with the same volume of one fly ash at a
time (volume replacement).Inordertounderstandthe effect
of volumetric dilution of the cement by a less reactive
material, pastes and mortarswerealsopreparedbysimilarly
replacing 25% of the cement by crushed quartz. The results
on these pastes and mortars will bepresentedalong with the
other results. The compressive strength was measured on
cement mortars at 1,3,7,14,28 and 90 day ages. All the cubes
were cured under water at temperature of 27°C ± 2°C
4. Experimental Discussion
WORKABILITY
The workability of cement concrete is tested as per using
standard sizes of Slump Moulds as per IS: 1199 - 1999.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
For find out compressive strength of cement concrete we
casted steel cube mould of size of 150mm*150mm*150mm.
After 24 hour casting of cube removing the mould and
allowed for curing in a curing tank for a period of 28 days.
After 7days & 28 days of curing of cube we tested the cube
on Universal Testing Machine. The test procedure is used as
per IS: 516-1979.
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
For find out split tensile strength of cement concrete we
casted steel mould of cylinder with 150mm diameter and
300mm long. After 24 hour removingthemouldandallowed
for curing in a curing tank for a period of 28 days. After
7days and 28 days of curing of specimen we tested on
Universal Testing Machine. The test procedureisusedasper
IS: 5816 – 1999.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
For find out the flexural strength of cement concrete we
casted steel mould of size500mm*100mm*100mm.After 24
hour removing the mould and allowed for curing in a curing

tank for a period of 28 days. After 7days 28 days of curing of
specimen we tested in 200 tonnes electro-hydraulic closed
loop machine. The test procedureisusedasperIS:516-1979
5. APPLICATION
Major applications of high-performance concrete inthefield
of Civil Engineering constructions have been in the areas of
long-span bridges, high-rise buildingsorstructures,highway
pavements, etc. Some of the application areas are discussed
in brief below:
Bridges
The use of high performance concrete would result in
smaller loss in pre-stress and consequently larger
permissible stress and smaller cross-sectionbeingachieved,
i.e. it would enable the standard pre-stressed concrete
girders to span longer distances or to carry heavier loads. In
addition, enhanced durability allow extended service life of
the structure. In case of precast girders due to reduced
weight the transportation and handling will be economical.
Concrete structures are preferable for railway bridges to
eliminate noise and vibration problems and minimize the
maintenance cost (Dr. R. B. Khadiranaikar).
High Rise Structures
The reasons for using the high strength concrete inhigh-rise
buildings are to reduce the dead load, the deflection, the
vibration and the maintenance cost. 5.3 Highway
Pavements
High Performance concrete is being increasingly used for
highway pavements due to the potential economic benefits
that can be derived from the early strength gain of high
performance concrete, its reduced permeability, increased
wear or abrasion resistance to steel studded tires and
improved freeze-thaw durability. A durableconcreteknown
as fast track concrete designed to givehighstrengthata very
early age without using special materials or techniques has
been developed. Fast Track Concrete Paving (FTCP)
technology can be used for complete pavement
reconstruction, partial replacement by an inlay of at least
one lane, strengthening of existing bituminous or concrete
pavements by a concrete overlay, rapid maintenanceand re-
construction processes. The benefits of applying FTCP
technology in such applications are : (a) a reduced
construction period, (b) early opening of the pavement to
traffic, and (c) reducing the use of expensiveconcrete paving
plant
6. CONCLUSIONS
This project work is primarily focused on the properties of
materials used, mix proportion of High Performance
Concrete, making of concrete specimen,curingandtesting of
harden concrete.
On performing the various tests the physical properties of
the specimens are studied and the following conclusionsare
arrived.
On comparing the result high performance concrete having
7.5% Silica Fume gives a maximum compressive strength
value.
Maximum splitting tensile strength value is achieved when
cement is replaced with 7.5% of Silica Fume.
Hence it is concluded 7.5% of Silica Fume gives the
maximum compressive and tensile strength to the concrete
we can say that concrete mix is high strength concrete.
Performance properties of the concrete need to be studied
7. REFERENCES
1. Dr. B.Vidivelli and A. Jayaranjini. Prediction of
Compressive Strength of High Performance
Concrete Containing Industrial by product Using
Artificial Neural Networks, International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016,
pp.302–314.
2. Himanshu Kumar and G. Premkumar, Behaviour of
High Performance Concrete By Using Recycled
Aggregate on Beam Under Static and Cyclic Loading
International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 210–219
3. Sundararajan R (2004), “Effect of Partial
Replacement of Cement With Silica Fume on The
Strength And Durability Characteristics of High
Performance Concrete” our World in Concrete and
Structures, pp. 397-404.
4. Pazhani.K, Jeyaraj.R, “Study on durability of high
performance concrete with industrial waste”,
Applied Technology and Innovation, Vol 2, Issue 2,
Aug 2010, pp 19-28.
5. Muthupriya, “Experimental study on high
performance reinforced concretecolumn withsilica
fume and fly ash admixtures”, Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol 38, No.1, April–May 2011, pp- 46-
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6. Berntsson, L., Chandra, S., and Kutti, T., “Principles
and Factors Influencing High Strength Concrete

Production,” Concrete International, December,
pp.59-62, 1990
7. D. Kornack and P. Rakic, “Cell Proliferation without
Neurogenesis in Adult Primate Neocortex,”Science,
vol. 294, Dec. 2001, pp. 2127-2130,
doi:10.1126/science.1065467.
8. M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill
Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
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IRJET- Experimental Investigation for Strength of Concrete by using Fly Ash