IRJET- Review on Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix
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This document provides a review of scheduling methods using Dependency Structure Matrices (DSM). It begins with an introduction to DSMs, including how they are represented as binary or numerical matrices. It then discusses the four main types of DSM models (product, organization, process, and parameter) and focuses on process DSM models. The remainder of the document summarizes several research papers that proposed innovations for project scheduling using process DSM methods, including addressing task dependencies, iterations, and information flows.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 11 | Nov 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2273
Review on Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix
Ashif A R1, Vidya Jose2
1PG Student, Civil Department, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Kerala
2Assistant Professor, Civil Department, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Kerala
----------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Numerous methods are used to plan and
schedule the start and end of activities and to coordinate the
flow of information in processes. DependencyStructureMatrix
(DSM) is a useful tool in project scheduling when approaching
information dependency issues between activities and it is
potential model as conventional planning tools cannot model
iterations. DSM is especially useful when processes are
complex and iterative. DSM provides an effective
representation for process systems of activities and their
interactions. The Process DSM can be analyzed via DSM
sequencing analysis and several algorithms have been
developed to identify coupled blocksofactivities. DSMmethods
is a vast area of research and future work is required for
development of better DSM analysis tools for handling large
matrices, sequencing and clustering methods for specialized
situations, and furtherinnovationsinvisualizationanddisplay
of DSM models
Key Words: Dependency Structure Matrix, Process DSM,
iterations, dependencies, scheduling
1. INTRODUCTION
Project management is largely concerned with the
management of process flows and thereareseveral methods
used for planning, organizing, monitoring, and optimizing
complex design projects like Critical Path Method (CPM),
Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), Gantt
charts and Critical Path Method. However, the most
commonly used CPM approach is based on workflow and is
not effective in handling iterations, which is a characteristic
of design projects. Dependency Structure Matrix, or Design
Structure Matrix (DSM), a new technique for the description
of information flow is a useful tool to analyze complex
engineering projects. A DSM is a square matrix that shows
relationships between elementsina systemandisa network
modeling tool used to represent the elements comprising a
system and their interactions. This paper is intended to
review the current trends in researches based on DSM.
1.1 Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM)
A DSM is a square matrix where the diagonal cells
typically represent the system elements and the off-diagonal
cells represent relationships among the elements. In the
matrixlayout the system elementnamesareplaceddownthe
side of the matrix as row headings and across the top as
column headings in the same order. If there exists an edge
from node i to node j, then the value of element in row i,
column j is marked with an X or considered as unity. Such
DSM containing single kind of off-diagonal mark is called as
binary DSM.
Fig -1: Binary Matrix Representation
A numerical DSM is the one in which weighted
dependencies of the elements arerepresented.Insuchacase,
a numerical DSM is used. Equally, an additional column can
be used to represent the weight of an element. Also symbols,
shadings, or colors instead of just the binary marks can be
used in each of the off-diagonal cells.
Fig -2: Numerical Matrix Representation
1.2 Types of DSM
Almost all DSM models to date may be classified into four
types within two main categories [1]. The first category
consists of static architecture models, representing systems
whose elements exist simultaneously. Types of applications
in this category include systems such as products whose
components physically interact with one another and
organizations whose members communicate with one
another. These are called as Product DSM and Organisation
DSM respectively. The second category consists of systems
whose elements may be actuated over time such as types of
processes, representedasactivity-basedprocessmodels and
low-level parameter-based models. ThesearecalledProcess
DSM and Parameter DSM respectively. Scheduling of an
information flow in a project can be done by the Process
DSM Model and researches on the same are reviewed in this
paper.
2. ADVANCES AND INNOVATIONS IN PROCESS DSM
Cheng H et al. (2011) proposed an optimizationmodeloftask
assignment problem, which incorporates factors like multi-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i11271-200128062817/85/IRJET-Review-on-Scheduling-using-Dependency-Structure-Matrix-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 11 | Nov 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2275
execution time correlates positively with the size of the task,
the number of interfaces with other tasks, and the number of
people allocated to the task
3. CONCLUSIONS
The design and development of complex engineering
products require the efforts andcollaborationofhundredsof
participants from diverse backgrounds resulting in complex
relationships among both people and tasks. Many of the
traditional project management tools like Programme
Evaluation Review Technique,GanttCharts,andCritical Path
Method do not address problems arising from this
complexity. While these tools allow the modelling of
sequential and parallel processes, they fail to address
feedback and iteration,whichiscommonincomplexproduct
development (PD) projects. To address this issue, matrix-
based tool called the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) has
evolved. This method differs from traditional project-
management tools because it focuses on representing
information flows rather than work flows.
DSM provides an effective representation for process
systems of activities and their interactions.DSMmethoddue
to its advantages in good systemrepresentationandanalysis
techniques have led to their increasing use in a variety of
contexts, including product development, project planning,
project management, systems engineering,andorganization
design. The different researchers have applied DSM
techniques on scheduling of prefabrication or modular
construction, MEP systems, rework scenarios in AEC
(Architecture, Engineering Construction) Industry,
Healthcare services, and in manufacturing industries. Some
researches emphasized on reducing the cycle time, thereby
reducing cost whereas some researches aimed at improved
time estimates. Different algorithmswereusedinsolving the
matrix and new algorithms were proposed in some of the
researches.
Researchers are developing new capabilities to extract data
from other sources to build system models rapidly. Further
work is also needed to broaden the understanding,
acceptance, and adoption of DSM into the mainstream
methods of project management.
REFERENCES
[1] Browning T R (2016), “Design Structure Matrix
Extensions and Innovations: A Survey and New
Opportunities”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering
Management, 63(1), 27–52.
[2] Browning T R (2001), “Applying the design structure
matrix to system decomposition and integration
problems: a review and new directions”, IEEE
Transactions on Engineering Management, 48(3), 292–
306.
[3] Cheng H, Chu X (2011), “Task assignment with
multiskilled employees and multiple modes for product
development projects”, The International Journal of
AdvancedManufacturingTechnology,61(1-4),391–403.
[4] Gaertner T, Schneider S, Schlick C M, Zibull C, Heuer C
(2014), “Applying DSM methodology to improve the
scheduling of functional integration in the automotive
industry”, Risk and Change Management in Complex
Systems, 277–285.
[5] Gunawan I (2012), “Managing Complex Engineering
Projects with Design Structure Matrix Methods”,
Engineering Asset Management and Infrastructure
Sustainability, 275–282.
[6] Lin J, Qian Y, Cui W, Goh T N (2015), “An effective
approach for scheduling coupled activities in
development projects”, European Journal ofOperational
Research, 243(1), 97–108.
[7] Piccolo S, Trauer J, Wilberg J, Maier A (2018),
“Understanding task execution time in relation to the
multilayer project structure: Empirical evidence”,
Proceedings of the 20th International Dependency and
Structure Modeling Conference (DSM 2018),129-138
[8] Qian Y, Yang D (2014), “Applying the DSM to Design
Project Scheduling: A Case Study”, Proceedings of the
18th International Symposium on Advancement of
Construction Management and Real Estate, 433–439
[9] Senthilkumar V, Varghese K (2013), “Case Study–Based
Testing of Design Interface Management System”,
Journal of Management in Engineering, 29(3), 279–288.
[10] Shi Q, Blomquist T (2012), “A new approach for project
scheduling using fuzzy dependency structure matrix”,
International Journal of Project Management, 30(4),
503–510.
[11] Srour I M, Abdul-Malak M A U, Yassine A A, Ramadan M
(2013), “A methodology for scheduling overlapped
design activities based on dependency information”,
Automation in Construction, 29, 1–11.
[12] Zhang Y, Flood I (2014), “Planning and Scheduling
Prefabrication Construction ProjectsUsingDependency
Structure Matrix (DSM)”, Computing in Civil and
Building Engineering, 1457-1464.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i11271-200128062817/85/IRJET-Review-on-Scheduling-using-Dependency-Structure-Matrix-3-320.jpg)
IRJET- Review on Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 11 | Nov 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2273 Review on Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix Ashif A R1, Vidya Jose2 1PG Student, Civil Department, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Kerala 2Assistant Professor, Civil Department, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Kerala ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Numerous methods are used to plan and schedule the start and end of activities and to coordinate the flow of information in processes. DependencyStructureMatrix (DSM) is a useful tool in project scheduling when approaching information dependency issues between activities and it is potential model as conventional planning tools cannot model iterations. DSM is especially useful when processes are complex and iterative. DSM provides an effective representation for process systems of activities and their interactions. The Process DSM can be analyzed via DSM sequencing analysis and several algorithms have been developed to identify coupled blocksofactivities. DSMmethods is a vast area of research and future work is required for development of better DSM analysis tools for handling large matrices, sequencing and clustering methods for specialized situations, and furtherinnovationsinvisualizationanddisplay of DSM models Key Words: Dependency Structure Matrix, Process DSM, iterations, dependencies, scheduling 1. INTRODUCTION Project management is largely concerned with the management of process flows and thereareseveral methods used for planning, organizing, monitoring, and optimizing complex design projects like Critical Path Method (CPM), Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), Gantt charts and Critical Path Method. However, the most commonly used CPM approach is based on workflow and is not effective in handling iterations, which is a characteristic of design projects. Dependency Structure Matrix, or Design Structure Matrix (DSM), a new technique for the description of information flow is a useful tool to analyze complex engineering projects. A DSM is a square matrix that shows relationships between elementsina systemandisa network modeling tool used to represent the elements comprising a system and their interactions. This paper is intended to review the current trends in researches based on DSM. 1.1 Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) A DSM is a square matrix where the diagonal cells typically represent the system elements and the off-diagonal cells represent relationships among the elements. In the matrixlayout the system elementnamesareplaceddownthe side of the matrix as row headings and across the top as column headings in the same order. If there exists an edge from node i to node j, then the value of element in row i, column j is marked with an X or considered as unity. Such DSM containing single kind of off-diagonal mark is called as binary DSM. Fig -1: Binary Matrix Representation A numerical DSM is the one in which weighted dependencies of the elements arerepresented.Insuchacase, a numerical DSM is used. Equally, an additional column can be used to represent the weight of an element. Also symbols, shadings, or colors instead of just the binary marks can be used in each of the off-diagonal cells. Fig -2: Numerical Matrix Representation 1.2 Types of DSM Almost all DSM models to date may be classified into four types within two main categories [1]. The first category consists of static architecture models, representing systems whose elements exist simultaneously. Types of applications in this category include systems such as products whose components physically interact with one another and organizations whose members communicate with one another. These are called as Product DSM and Organisation DSM respectively. The second category consists of systems whose elements may be actuated over time such as types of processes, representedasactivity-basedprocessmodels and low-level parameter-based models. ThesearecalledProcess DSM and Parameter DSM respectively. Scheduling of an information flow in a project can be done by the Process DSM Model and researches on the same are reviewed in this paper. 2. ADVANCES AND INNOVATIONS IN PROCESS DSM Cheng H et al. (2011) proposed an optimizationmodeloftask assignment problem, which incorporates factors like multi-
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 11 | Nov 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2274 skilled employees and their skill levels, task iteration andthe precedence constraints. The relativeskilllevelsofemployees were modeled byfuzzynumbers,andmembershipfunctionis introduced to describe the confidentiallevels of the duration the task takes. The research intended to minimize the duration of the project and balance the workloads of the employees attending the project. A genetic algorithm is utilized to find the optimum solution with regards to the considered objectives. A case of a die product development project is used to illustrate the problem the results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this algorithm. Gunawan I et al. (2012) developed a model for improving planning, executionandmanagementofcomplexengineering projects using DSM methods.DSM methods can be appliedto identifyloops or circuitsforprojectschedulingimprovement. As a case study, path searching method, powers of the adjacency matrix and the reachability matrix methods were implemented to reduce design iterations or rework in a complex engineering project. By applying the DSM methods, the project duration was minimized and hence the total cost of the project was reduced significantly. Shi Q et al.(2012) proposed a fuzzy approach for DSM-based project scheduling to address the problem that the overlap caused by the vagueness and impreciseness of information dependency between activities.Thisalgorithmisregardedas another branch of fuzzy approaches for project scheduling with its purposetosolvetheproblemoffuzzyinterdependent relationships between activities caused by information flow rather than general work flow. The researchers describe the overlap and duration of activities as fuzzy numbers and put forth a systematicalgorithm to calculate thetimevariablesof activities. An example was provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Senthilkumar V et al. (2013) proposed a structured methodology called design interface management system (diMs) to form the drawing design structure matrix. This study utilized a case study approach to test the effectiveness of the diMs methodology and tool to manage the design interface processes. The effectiveness was tested by comparing the design interface management criteria of two design groups (a test group and a control group) working on a two separate but similar projects. The testing was conducted through a comparative study of two design cases of a large airport design process. The performance of the design management process of the test group that used diMs was compared with the control group that used existing design management practices Srour I M et al. (2013) proposed framework to schedule the design phase of construction projects by capturingandusing the experience of practitioners. The research presented a four-step process for scheduling the design phase of fast- tracked construction projectswhiletakingintoconsideration information exchange among project activities. The process starts with capturing and quantifying this exchange of dependency information. Dependency structure matrix aids in generating the shortest schedule based on dependencies among the different design disciplines. An algorithm is designed to calculate the shortest possible schedule for the design phase of a construction project. The algorithm was validated in the context of a real-world case study, a fast- tracked multi-billion dollar educational facility project in the Arabian Peninsula. Qian Y et al. (2014) proposed scheduling techniquetofindan activity sequence that minimizes the total feedback length using DSM method, forthedevelopmentofpressurereducers in a Chinese company. Seventy two activities involved in the projects were identifiedandthenestablishedtheinformation dependencies among the activities and build a DSM. The interrelated activities are reorganized with the objective of minimizing total feedback lengths. Application results have shown that the complex information relations among activities in pressure reducer design can be clearly represented by the DSM. Zhang Y et al. (2014) proposed the Reward Markov Chain method to do accurate duration estimation for projects that contain iterative processes. The research discusses the applicability of DSM to prefabrication projects. An example model that demonstrates the application of DSM is then developed and used to demonstrate determining an optimal schedule in termsoftotalfeedbackdistance.Theresearchhas not considered the overlapped iteration and further work is required to validate the approach against a comprehensive set of case studies drawn from industry. Gaertner T et al. (2014) proposed the method which is intended to improve the planning of project timelines and required resources and capacities. It is donetoensuretighter synchronization between the project teams, to serve as a guide for prioritizing tasks in parallel projects, as well as to serve as a basis for anticipating changes to the project stages when development changes or delays need to be accommodated. A project scheduleforfunctionalintegration projects in the automotive industry was developed which were determined by multi-level dependencies, iterative processing, limited resources, last-minute changes, and a multi-project working environment Lin J et al. (2015) describes an effective approach for determining the activity sequence with minimum total feedback time using a design structure matrix (DSM) in identifying an appropriate sequence of many coupled activities formanaging product developmentprojects.Anew formulation of the optimization problem is proposed, which allows us to obtain optimal solutions in a reasonable amount of time for problems up to forty coupled activities. Also rules are proposed, which can be conveniently used by management to reduce the total feedback time. Piccolo S et al.(2018) developed a methodology to aggregate multiple data sources into a Multiple Domain Matrix formed from the DSM and show that its structural properties correlate with task execution time. The research combined and analysed multiple data sources from a large-scale design project, showing that task completion time relates to the structure of the project as captured by a Multiple Domain Matrix (MDM). Statistical analyses showed that task
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 11 | Nov 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2275 execution time correlates positively with the size of the task, the number of interfaces with other tasks, and the number of people allocated to the task 3. CONCLUSIONS The design and development of complex engineering products require the efforts andcollaborationofhundredsof participants from diverse backgrounds resulting in complex relationships among both people and tasks. Many of the traditional project management tools like Programme Evaluation Review Technique,GanttCharts,andCritical Path Method do not address problems arising from this complexity. While these tools allow the modelling of sequential and parallel processes, they fail to address feedback and iteration,whichiscommonincomplexproduct development (PD) projects. To address this issue, matrix- based tool called the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) has evolved. This method differs from traditional project- management tools because it focuses on representing information flows rather than work flows. DSM provides an effective representation for process systems of activities and their interactions.DSMmethoddue to its advantages in good systemrepresentationandanalysis techniques have led to their increasing use in a variety of contexts, including product development, project planning, project management, systems engineering,andorganization design. The different researchers have applied DSM techniques on scheduling of prefabrication or modular construction, MEP systems, rework scenarios in AEC (Architecture, Engineering Construction) Industry, Healthcare services, and in manufacturing industries. Some researches emphasized on reducing the cycle time, thereby reducing cost whereas some researches aimed at improved time estimates. Different algorithmswereusedinsolving the matrix and new algorithms were proposed in some of the researches. Researchers are developing new capabilities to extract data from other sources to build system models rapidly. Further work is also needed to broaden the understanding, acceptance, and adoption of DSM into the mainstream methods of project management. REFERENCES [1] Browning T R (2016), “Design Structure Matrix Extensions and Innovations: A Survey and New Opportunities”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 63(1), 27–52. [2] Browning T R (2001), “Applying the design structure matrix to system decomposition and integration problems: a review and new directions”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 48(3), 292– 306. [3] Cheng H, Chu X (2011), “Task assignment with multiskilled employees and multiple modes for product development projects”, The International Journal of AdvancedManufacturingTechnology,61(1-4),391–403. [4] Gaertner T, Schneider S, Schlick C M, Zibull C, Heuer C (2014), “Applying DSM methodology to improve the scheduling of functional integration in the automotive industry”, Risk and Change Management in Complex Systems, 277–285. [5] Gunawan I (2012), “Managing Complex Engineering Projects with Design Structure Matrix Methods”, Engineering Asset Management and Infrastructure Sustainability, 275–282. [6] Lin J, Qian Y, Cui W, Goh T N (2015), “An effective approach for scheduling coupled activities in development projects”, European Journal ofOperational Research, 243(1), 97–108. [7] Piccolo S, Trauer J, Wilberg J, Maier A (2018), “Understanding task execution time in relation to the multilayer project structure: Empirical evidence”, Proceedings of the 20th International Dependency and Structure Modeling Conference (DSM 2018),129-138 [8] Qian Y, Yang D (2014), “Applying the DSM to Design Project Scheduling: A Case Study”, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 433–439 [9] Senthilkumar V, Varghese K (2013), “Case Study–Based Testing of Design Interface Management System”, Journal of Management in Engineering, 29(3), 279–288. [10] Shi Q, Blomquist T (2012), “A new approach for project scheduling using fuzzy dependency structure matrix”, International Journal of Project Management, 30(4), 503–510. [11] Srour I M, Abdul-Malak M A U, Yassine A A, Ramadan M (2013), “A methodology for scheduling overlapped design activities based on dependency information”, Automation in Construction, 29, 1–11. [12] Zhang Y, Flood I (2014), “Planning and Scheduling Prefabrication Construction ProjectsUsingDependency Structure Matrix (DSM)”, Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, 1457-1464.