IT-Fundamentals-Presentation BSIT 1.pptx

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS

COMPUTER
• A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data
(input), process the data according to specified rules, produce
information (output), and store the information for future use.
Any kind of computers consists of HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.

WHAT IS COMPUTER FULL FORM?
• In simple words you can say that computer is an electronic
device which is used for fast calculation. ... Some people say
that COMPUTER stands for Common Operating Machine
Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research.

WHAT IS IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER?
• Computers are now a fact of life. Computers have created a
very effective information system to help streamline the
management of an organization. This makes it a much needed
tool for every business, banking, government, entertainment,
daily life, industry, education, and administration.

WHAT ARE THE USES OF COMPUTER FOR?
• Home - Computers are used at homes for several purposes like
online bill payment, watching movies or shows at home, home
tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access.
• Medical Field - Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a
database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays, live monitoring
of patients.
• Entertainment - Computers help to watch movies online, play
games online; act as a virtual entertainer in playing games,
listening to music.
• Industry - Computers are used to perform several tasks in
industries like managing inventory, designing purpose, creating
virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing.

• Education - Computers are used in education sector through online classes,
online examinations, referring e-books, online tutoring.
• Government - In government sectors, computers are used in data
processing, maintaining a database of citizens and supporting a paperless
environment. The country’s defense organizations have greatly benefitted
from computers in their use for missile development, satellites, rocket
launches.
• Banking - In the banking sector, computers are used to store details of
customers and conduct transactions, such as withdrawal and deposit of
money through ATMs. Banks have reduced manual errors and expenses to a
great extent through extensive use of computers.
• Business - Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The
main objective of business is transaction processing, which involves
transactions with suppliers, employees or customers. Computers can make
these transactions easy and accurate. People can analyze investments, sales,

• Training - Many organizations use computer-based training to
train their employees, to save money and improve performance.
Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time
and travelling costs by being able to connect people in various
locations.
• Arts - Computers are extensively used in dance, photography,
arts and culture. The fluid movement of dance can be shown
live via animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.
• Science and Engineering - Computers with high performance
are used to stimulate dynamic process in Science and
Engineering. Supercomputers have numerous applications in

TYPES OF COMPUTER
• Mainframe Computer
• Super Computer
• Workstation Computer
• Personal Computer (PC)
• Apple Macintosh (Mac)
• Laptop computer (notebook)
• Tablet and Smartphone

MAINFRAME COMPUTER
• A mainframe computer informally called a mainframe or big
iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for
critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as
censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction processing.

SUPER COMPUTER
• A super computer is a computer with a high level of
performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The
performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in
floating-point operations per second instead of million
instructions per second. Since 2017, there are supercomputers
which can perform over 10¹⁷ FLOPS.

WORKSTATION
• Workstation A high-performance computer system that is
basically designed for a single user and has advanced graphics
capabilities, large storage capacity, and a powerful central
processing unit.

PERSONAL COMPUTER
• A personal computer is a multi-purpose computer whose size,
capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use.
Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an
end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician.

MACINTOSH
• The Macintosh is a family of personal computers designed,
manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since January 1984. The
original Macintosh is the first successful mass-market all-in-
one personal computer to have featured a graphical user
interface, built-in screen, and mouse.

LAPTOP
• A laptop, laptop computer, or notebook computer is a small,
portable personal computer (PC) with a screen and
alphanumeric keyboard.

SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS
• Smartphones and tablets are indeed considered computers. A
computer is really any device that accepts input from a user,
performs calculations on that input, and provides an output to
the user.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Speed - A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans
while performing mathematical calculations.
• Accuracy - Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy.
• Diligence - The capacity of computer of performing repetitive task without getting
tired is called diligence. A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration,
fatigue.
• Versatility - The capacity of computer of performing more than one task at the same
time is called versatility of computer. Versatility means the capacity to perform
different types of work completely.
• Reliability - Is an attribute of any computer-related component (software, or
hardware, or a network, for example) that consistently performs according to its
specifications. It has long been considered one of three related attributes that must be
considered when making, buying, or using a computer product or component.
• Memory - is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and
instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large
number of small parts called cells.
• Automation - Is the use of electronics and computer-controlled devices to assume

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

COMPUTER SAFETY PROCEDURES AND
CARE
• Keep all food and drinks away from computers and equipment-
liquid may spill and cause an electrical shock or the computer
not to operate properly.
• Only remove/insert external storage devices when the drive
light is off (flash drive).
• Turn off computer during electrical storm.
• Never bang on the keys; always use a light touch on the
keyboard.
• Never open email attachments from unknown sources.

FIVE MAIN PARTS OF A COMPUTER:
• A motherboard
• A Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card.
• Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory.
• Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

MOTHER BOARD
• Is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. The
motherboard is a computer's central communications backbone
connectivity point, through which all components and external
peripherals connect.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
• The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a
computer that retrieves and executes instructions. The CPU is
essentially the brain of a CAD system. It consists of an
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and various
registers.

GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU)
• A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a chip or electronic circuit
capable of rendering graphics for display on an electronic
device. The GPU was introduced to the wider market in 1999
and is best known for its use in providing the smooth graphics
that consumers expect in modern videos and games.

RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
• Random-access memory (RAM; /ræm/) is a form of computer
memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically
used to store working data and machine code.

STORAGE
• Storage - Is any type of computing hardware that is used for
storing, porting or extracting data files and objects. Storage
devices can hold and store information both temporarily and
permanently. They may be internal or external to a computer,
server or computing device.

THE COMPUTER HAS THREE ELEMENTS
1. PEOPLEWARE
2. HARDWARE
3. SOFTWARE

THE COMPUTER HAS THREE ELEMENTS
• PEOPLEWARE - is a term used to refer to one of the three core
aspects of computer technology, the other two
being hardware and software. People ware can refer to anything
that has to do with the role of people in the development or
use of computer software and hardware systems, including
such issues as developer productivity, teamwork, group
dynamics, the psychology of programming, project
management, organizational factors, human interface design,
and human-machine-interaction.

HARDWARE
• HARDWARE – Physical component of a computer system.

SOFTWARE
• Software - includes computer programs, libraries and related
non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital
media.

ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER
• It is generally composed of three major elements: the processor
(central processing unit or CPU), the memory, and the input
output (I/O) devices. The immediate forerunner of the
electronic computer was an electromechanical computer that
became operational in 1944

INPUT DEVICES
• Input Devices - is a piece of equipment used to provide data
and control signals to an information processing system such
as a computer or information appliance.

OUTPUT DEVICES
• Output Devices - is any piece of computer hardware equipment
which converts information into human readable form. It can be
text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output
devices are Visual Display Units i.e. a Monitor, Printer graphic
Output devices, Plotters, Speakers etc.

SYSTEM UNIT
• System Unit - Is a collection of entities (hardware, software and
livewire) that are designed to receive process, manage and
present information in a meaningful format.

LESSON 3
• Basic parts of the System Unit

The System Case
The system case is a plastic and metal box that houses
components such as the motherboard, disk drives and power
supply unit.
System Case Types
There are two basic types of system case: desktop and tower

• A DESKTOP CASE - IS DESIGNED TO SIT HORIZONTALLY ON A SURFACE, SO THAT IT
IS WIDER THAN IT IS LONG. IF TURNED ON ITS SIDE, A CD-ROM OR DVD TRAY
WOULD BE ORIENTED INCORRECTLY. THESE ARE USUALLY USED FOR OFFICE OR
HOME PCS. DESKTOP CASES COME IN TWO BASIC SIZES: STANDARD AND SLIM LINE.

• A TOWER CASE IS DESIGNED TO SIT VERTICALLY ON A SURFACE, SO THAT IT IS HIGHER THAN IT IS
WIDE. TOWER CASES COME IN THREE BASIC SIZES: FULL, MIDI AND MINI.

• Parts of the case
• Cover - the case has a cover which is removed by either undoing the screws at the back, or pressing
together clips that release it. Modern cases based on the NLX design have a hinged cover that
releases to allow access to the motherboard.
• Front Panel – The front panel provides access to the floppy and CD, a power on/off switch, a reset
switch, and LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) to indicate drive operation. The front cover can be removed
but may require the case cover to be removed first in order to access the screws or clips that secure it.

• Rear Panel – the rear panel has slots through which interface card connectors appear. These slots
should either be covered by an interface card or a metal strip known as a blanking plate.

PARTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT
• Power Supply - is an electrical device that supplies electric
power to an electrical load. The source power may come from
the electric power grid, such as an electrical outlet, energy
storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or
alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply.

• Heat Sink - is a device that absorbs heat generated by
electronic components or chips. Among the different types of
heat sinks, two-phase forced-convection cooling of high-heat-
flux/high-power electronic devices is one of the most effective
means of thermal management.

• CPU fan - is any fan inside, or attached to a computer case
used for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into
the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside and
move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.
Both axial and sometimes centrifugal fans are used in
computers.

• VGA card - also known as a video/display card or graphics adapter –
is utilized in order to process and generate an output image feed to a
computer monitor or display. Much like a motherboard or micro-
computer, a video card is a printed circuit board that comes
equipped with its own processing unit and memory.
• Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector - is a standard connector used
for computer video output.
• VGA cable- is a device used to transfer video signals. It does this by
acting as a link between the computer and the monitor or between
the computer and the television screen.

• LAN card- The LAN (Local Area Network) card is a 'door' to the
network from a computer. Any type of network activity requires
a LAN card: the Internet, network printer, connecting
computers together and so on.
• LAN port - A LAN port is also known as an Ethernet port. Both
terms refer to exactly the same socket on computers, servers,
modems, Wi-Fi routers, switches, and other network devices.

• video card – is a circuit board in a computer system designed
to generate output for the system's video display screen, also
called graphics accelerators, can speed up both 2D and 3D
graphics rendering. Programs such as photo editors and Web
browsers may benefit from 2D acceleration,

• A video port is a port that can be used to connect a monitor or
other display, such as a TV, to a computer. Video ports for
desktop computers are located on the back, while laptop
computers have them on back or side.

• Hard Disk Drive is an electro-mechanical data storage device that
stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or
more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.
The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a
moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter
surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that
individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any order.
HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even
when powered off. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small
rectangular box.

• CMOS Battery - powers your laptop's BIOS firmware, which is
responsible for booting up your computer and configuring data
flow (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor).

• Northbridge – is responsible for coordinating the data flow
between the memory, the video card and the processor.
• A secondary chip, known as Southbridge, has a similar function,
coordinating the data flow between the processor and peripherals
such as sound cards or network cards.

• Quality of type: the output produced by printers is said to be either letter
quality (as good as a typewriter), near letter quality or draft quality. Only
daisy-wheel, ink-jet, and laser printers produce letter-quality type. Some
dot-matrix printers claim letter-quality print, but if you look closely, you
can see the difference.
• Speed: Measured in characters per second (cps) or pages per minute (ppm),
the speed of printers varies widely: daisy-wheel printers tend to be the
slowest, printing about 30cps. Line printers are fastest (up to 3,000 lines
per minute). Dot-matrix printers can print up to 500 cps, laser printers
range from about 4 to 20 text pages per minute.
• Impact or non-impact: Impact printers include all printers that work by
striking an ink ribbon. Daisy wheel, dot matrix, line printers are impact
printers.
• Non-impact printers include laser printers and ink-jet printers. The
important difference between impact and non-impact printers is that impact
printers are much noisier.
• Graphics: Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text.

Special Keys:
• Control Keys – A Key on PC keyboards labeled Ctrl. You use the control key in the
same way that you see the shift key- keeping it pressed down while pressing
another character. The result is a control key combination, which can have
different meanings depending on which program is running. On Macintoshes, the
control key is called an apple key or command key.
• Alt Keys – Short for Alternate key, the alt key is like a second control key. Not all
computer keyboards have an Alt key, but it is standard on all PCs. You use it in the
same fashion as the control key, holding it down while you press another key.
• Arrow Keys – Most computer keyboards contain four arrow keys for moving the
cursor or insertion point right, left, up, or down. When combined with the shift,
function, control or alt keys (on PCs), the arrow keys are also called cursor control
keys.
• Shift key – A key on computer keyboards that gives the other keys an alternate
meaning. When combined with alphabetic keys, the shift key causes the system to
output a capital letter.
• Function Keys – Special keys on the keyboard that have different meanings
depending on which program is running. Function keys are normally labeled F1 to
F10 or F12 (or F15 on Macintoshes). On older PCs, for example 10 function keys
are grouped on the left side of the keyboard; new PCs have the enhanced

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