Java design pattern tutorial

Design Patterns in Java Tutorial

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DESIGN PATTERNS IN JAVA TUTORIAL
Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com
tutorialspoint.com

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ABOUT THE TUTORIAL
Design Patterns in Java Tutorial
Design patterns represent the best practices used by experienced object-oriented software developers. Design patterns are
solutions to general problems that software developers faced during software development. These solutions were obtained
by trial and error by numerous software developers over quite a substantial period of time.
This tutorial will take you through step by step approach and examples using Java while learning Design Pattern concepts.
Audience
This reference has been prepared for the experienced developers to provide best solutions to certain problems faced
during software development and for un-experienced developers to learn software design in an easy and faster way.
Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a good understanding of Java programming language. A basic
understanding of Eclipse IDE is also required because all the examples have been compiled using Eclipse IDE.
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Table of Contents
Design Patterns in Java Tutorial................................................ i
Audience................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ............................................................................. i
Copyright & Disclaimer Notice................................................... i
Design Pattern Overview .................................................................... 1
Common platform for developers............................................................................................ 1
Best Practices........................................................................................................................ 2
Factory Pattern............................................................................... 3
Implementation............................................................................................ 3
Class Diagram ............................................................................................. 3
Steps........................................................................................................... 4
Abstract Factory Pattern .................................................................... 7
Implementation............................................................................................ 7
Class Diagram ............................................................................................. 8
Steps........................................................................................................... 9
Singleton Design Pattern.................................................................. 14
Implementation.......................................................................................... 14
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 15
Steps......................................................................................................... 16
Builder Design Pattern .................................................................... 18
Implementation.......................................................................................... 18
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 19
Steps......................................................................................................... 20
Prototype Design Pattern.................................................................. 25
Implementation.......................................................................................... 25
Class Diagram. .......................................................................................... 26
Steps......................................................................................................... 27
Adapter Design Pattern.................................................................... 30
Implementation.......................................................................................... 30
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 31
Steps......................................................................................................... 32
Bridge Design Pattern ..................................................................... 35

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Implementation.......................................................................................... 35
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 36
Steps......................................................................................................... 37
Filter Design Pattern ...................................................................... 39
Implementation.......................................................................................... 39
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 40
Steps......................................................................................................... 41
Composite Design Pattern................................................................. 46
Implementation.......................................................................................... 46
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 47
Steps......................................................................................................... 48
Decorator Design Pattern ................................................................. 50
Implementation.......................................................................................... 50
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 51
Steps......................................................................................................... 52
Façade Design Pattern..................................................................... 55
Implementation.......................................................................................... 55
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 56
Steps......................................................................................................... 57
Flyweight Design Pattern.................................................................. 59
Implementation.......................................................................................... 59
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 60
Steps......................................................................................................... 61
Proxy Design Pattern ...................................................................... 64
Implementation.......................................................................................... 64
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 65
Steps......................................................................................................... 66
Chain of Responsibility Design Pattern .................................................. 68
Implementation.......................................................................................... 68
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 69
Steps......................................................................................................... 70
Command Design Pattern ................................................................. 73
Implementation.......................................................................................... 73
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 74
Steps......................................................................................................... 75
Interpreter Design Pattern................................................................ 78
Implementation.......................................................................................... 78
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 79

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Steps......................................................................................................... 80
Iterator Design Pattern.................................................................... 83
Implementation.......................................................................................... 83
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 84
Steps......................................................................................................... 85
Mediator Design Pattern .................................................................. 87
Implementation.......................................................................................... 87
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 88
Steps......................................................................................................... 89
Memento Design Pattern.................................................................. 91
Implementation.......................................................................................... 91
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 92
Steps......................................................................................................... 93
Observer Design Pattern................................................................... 95
Implementation.......................................................................................... 95
Class Diagram ........................................................................................... 96
Steps......................................................................................................... 97
State Design Pattern..................................................................... 100
Implementation........................................................................................ 100
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 101
Steps....................................................................................................... 102
Null Object Design Pattern.............................................................. 104
Implementation........................................................................................ 104
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 105
Steps....................................................................................................... 106
Strategy Design Pattern ................................................................. 109
Implementation........................................................................................ 109
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 110
Steps....................................................................................................... 111
Template Design Pattern................................................................ 113
Implementation........................................................................................ 113
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 114
Steps....................................................................................................... 115
Visitor Design Pattern ................................................................... 117
Implementation........................................................................................ 117
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 118
Steps....................................................................................................... 119
MVC Design Pattern..................................................................... 122

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Implementation........................................................................................ 122
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 123
Steps....................................................................................................... 124
Business Delegate Design Pattern ...................................................... 127
Implementation........................................................................................ 127
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 128
Steps....................................................................................................... 129
Composite Entity Design Pattern ....................................................... 132
Implementation........................................................................................ 132
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 133
Steps....................................................................................................... 134
Data Access Object Design Pattern..................................................... 137
Implementation........................................................................................ 137
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 138
Steps....................................................................................................... 139
Front Controller Design Pattern........................................................ 142
Implementation........................................................................................ 142
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 143
Steps....................................................................................................... 144
Intercepting Filter Design Pattern...................................................... 146
Implementation........................................................................................ 146
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 147
Steps....................................................................................................... 148
Service Locator Design Pattern......................................................... 151
Implementation........................................................................................ 151
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 152
Steps....................................................................................................... 153
Transfer Object Design Pattern......................................................... 157
Implementation........................................................................................ 157
Class Diagram ......................................................................................... 158
Steps....................................................................................................... 159
About tutorialspoint.com ................................................................ 162

TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning Page 1
DesignPatternOverview
This chapter gives a basic idea about Design Patterns starting with their origin, their
evaluation over time and their classifications.
Design patterns represent the best practices used by experienced object-oriented
software developers. Design patterns are solutions to general problems that software developers
faced during software development. These solutions were obtained by trial and error by
numerous software developers over quite a substantial period of time.
Gang of Four (GOF)
In 1994, four authors Erich Gamma, Richard Helm; Ralph Johnson und John Vlissides published
a book titled Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software which initiated
the concept of Design Pattern in Software development.
These authors are collectively known as Gang of Four (GOF). According to these authors design
patterns are primarily based on the following principles of object orientated design.
 Program to an interface not an implementation
 Favor object composition over inheritance
Usage of Design Pattern
Design Patterns have two main usages in software development.
Common platform for developers
Design patterns provide a standard terminology and are specific to particular scenario. For
example, a singleton design pattern signifies use of single object so all developers familiar with
single design pattern will make use of single object and they can tell each other that program is
following a singleton pattern.
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Best Practices
Design patterns have been evolved over a long period of time and they provide best solutions to
certain problems faced during software development. Learning these patterns helps un-
experienced developers to learn software design in an easy and faster way.
Types of Design Pattern
As per the design pattern reference book Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable Object-
Oriented Software, there are 23 design patterns. These patterns can be classified in three
categories: Creational, Structural and behavioral patterns. We'll also discuss another category of
design patterns: J2EE design patterns.
S.N. Pattern & Description
1
Creational Patterns
These design patterns provides way to create objects while hiding the creation logic,
rather than instantiating objects directly using new operator. This gives program more
flexibility in deciding which objects need to be created for a given use case.
2
Structural Patterns
These design patterns concern class and object composition. Concept of inheritance is
used to compose interfaces and define ways to compose objects to obtain new
functionalities.
3
Behavioral Patterns
These design patterns are specifically concerned with communication between objects.
4
J2EE Patterns
These design patterns are specifically concerned with the presentation tier. These patterns
are identified by Sun Java Center.

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FactoryPattern
This section describes factory pattern and its implementation.
Factory pattern is one of most used design pattern in Java. This type of design pattern comes
under creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.
In Factory pattern, we create object without exposing the creation logic to the client and refer to
newly created object using a common interface.
Implementation
We're going to create a Shape interface and concrete classes implementing the Shape interface.
A factory class ShapeFactory is defined as a next step.
FactoryPatternDemo, our demo class will use ShapeFactory to get a Shape object. It will pass
information (CIRCLE / RECTANGLE / SQUARE) to ShapeFactory to get the type of object it
needs.
Class Diagram
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Steps
Use the following steps to implement the above mentioned design pattern.
Step 1
Create an interface.
Shape.java
public interface Shape {
void draw();
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the same interface.
Rectangle.java
public class Rectangle implements Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Rectangle::draw() method.");
}
}
Square.java
public class Square implements Shape {
@Override
System.out.println("Inside Square::draw() method.");
}
}
Circle.java
public class Circle implements Shape {
@Override
System.out.println("Inside Circle::draw() method.");
}
}

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Step 3
Create a Factory to generate object of concrete class based on given information.
ShapeFactory.java
public class ShapeFactory {
//use getShape method to get object of type shape
public Shape getShape(String shapeType){
if(shapeType == null){
return null;
}
if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("CIRCLE")){
return new Circle();
} else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("RECTANGLE")){
return new Rectangle();
} else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("SQUARE")){
return new Square();
}
return null;
}
}
Step 4
Use the Factory to get object of concrete class by passing an information such as type.
FactoryPatternDemo.java
public class FactoryPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ShapeFactory shapeFactory = new ShapeFactory();
//get an object of Circle and call its draw method.
Shape shape1 = shapeFactory.getShape("CIRCLE");
//call draw method of Circle
shape1.draw();
//get an object of Rectangle and call its draw method.
Shape shape2 = shapeFactory.getShape("RECTANGLE");
//call draw method of Rectangle
shape2.draw();
//get an object of Square and call its draw method.
Shape shape3 = shapeFactory.getShape("SQUARE");
//call draw method of circle
shape3.draw();
}
}

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Step 5
Verify the output.
Inside Circle::draw() method.
Inside Rectangle::draw() method.
Inside Square::draw() method.

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AbstractFactoryPattern
This section describes abstract factory pattern and its implementation.
Abstract Factory patterns works around a super-factory which creates other factories. This
factory is also called as Factory of factories. This type of design pattern comes under creational
pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.
In Abstract Factory pattern an interface is responsible for creating a factory of related objects,
without explicitly specifying their classes. Each generated factory can give the objects as per the
Factory pattern.
Implementation
We're going to create a Shape and Color interfaces and concrete classes implementing these
interfaces. We creates an abstract factory class AbstractFactory as next step. Factory
classesShapeFactory and ColorFactory are defined where each factory extends AbstractFactory.
A factory creator/generator class FactoryProducer is created.
AbstractFactoryPatternDemo, our demo class uses FactoryProducer to get
a AbstractFactory object. It will pass information (CIRCLE / RECTANGLE / SQUARE for Shape)
to AbstractFactory to get the type of object it needs. It also passes information (RED / GREEN /
BLUE for Color) to AbstractFactory to get the type of object it needs.
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Class Diagram

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Steps
Step 1
Create an interface for Shapes.
Shape.java
void draw();
}
Step 2
Rectangle.java
@Override
}
}
Square.java
@Override
}
}
Circle.java
@Override
}
}
Step 3
Create an interface for Colors.

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Color.java
public interface Color {
void fill();
}
Step4
Red.java
public class Red implements Color {
@Override
public void fill() {
System.out.println("Inside Red::fill() method.");
}
}
Green.java
public class Green implements Color {
@Override
System.out.println("Inside Green::fill() method.");
}
}
Blue.java
public class Blue implements Color {
@Override
System.out.println("Inside Blue::fill() method.");
}
}
Step 5
Create an Abstract class to get factories for Color and Shape Objects.
AbstractFactory.java
public abstract class AbstractFactory {
abstract Color getColor(String color);
abstract Shape getShape(String shape) ;
}

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Step 6
Create Factory classes extending AbstractFactory to generate object of concrete class based on
given information.
ShapeFactory.java
public class ShapeFactory extends AbstractFactory {
@Override
if(shapeType == null){
return null;
}
if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("CIRCLE")){
return new Circle();
} else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("RECTANGLE")){
return new Rectangle();
} else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("SQUARE")){
return new Square();
}
return null;
}
@Override
Color getColor(String color) {
return null;
}
}
ColorFactory.java
public class ColorFactory extends AbstractFactory {
@Override
return null;
}
@Override
Color getColor(String color) {
if(color == null){
return null;
}
if(color.equalsIgnoreCase("RED")){
return new Red();
} else if(color.equalsIgnoreCase("GREEN")){
return new Green();
} else if(color.equalsIgnoreCase("BLUE")){
return new Blue();
}
return null;
}
}

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Step 7
Create a Factory generator/producer class to get factories by passing an information such as
Shape or Color
FactoryProducer.java
public class FactoryProducer {
public static AbstractFactory getFactory(String choice){
if(choice.equalsIgnoreCase("SHAPE")){
return new ShapeFactory();
} else if(choice.equalsIgnoreCase("COLOR")){
return new ColorFactory();
}
return null;
}
}
Step 8
Use the FactoryProducer to get AbstractFactory in order to get factories of concrete classes by
passing information such as type.
AbstractFactoryPatternDemo.java
public class AbstractFactoryPatternDemo {
//get shape factory
AbstractFactory shapeFactory =
FactoryProducer.getFactory("SHAPE");
//get an object of Shape Circle
Shape shape1 = shapeFactory.getShape("CIRCLE");
//call draw method of Shape Circle
shape1.draw();
//get an object of Shape Rectangle
Shape shape2 = shapeFactory.getShape("RECTANGLE");
//call draw method of Shape Rectangle
shape2.draw();
//get an object of Shape Square
Shape shape3 = shapeFactory.getShape("SQUARE");
//call draw method of Shape Square
shape3.draw();
//get color factory
AbstractFactory colorFactory =
FactoryProducer.getFactory("COLOR");

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//get an object of Color Red
Color color1 = colorFactory.getColor("RED");
//call fill method of Red
color1.fill();
//get an object of Color Green
Color color2 = colorFactory.getColor("Green");
//call fill method of Green
color2.fill();
//get an object of Color Blue
Color color3 = colorFactory.getColor("BLUE");
//call fill method of Color Blue
color3.fill();
}
}
Step 9
Verify the output.
Inside Circle::draw() method.
Inside Rectangle::draw() method.
Inside Square::draw() method.
Inside Red::fill() method.
Inside Green::fill() method.
Inside Blue::fill() method.

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SingletonDesignPattern
This section describes singleton pattern and its implementation.
Singleton pattern is one of the simplest design patterns in Java. This type of design pattern
comes under creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best way to create an object.
This pattern involves a single class which is responsible to creates own object while making sure
that only single object get created. This class provides a way to access its only object which can
be accessed directly without need to instantiate the object of the class.
Implementation
We're going to create a SingleObject class. SingleObject class have its constructor as private
and have a static instance of itself.
SingleObject class provides a static method to get its static instance to outside
world.SingletonPatternDemo, our demo class will use SingleObject class to get
a SingleObject object.
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Class Diagram

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Steps
Step 1
Create a Singleton Class.
SingleObject.java
public class SingleObject {
//create an object of SingleObject
private static SingleObject instance = new SingleObject();
//make the constructor private so that this class cannot be
//instantiated
private SingleObject(){}
//Get the only object available
public static SingleObject getInstance(){
return instance;
}
public void showMessage(){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Step 2
Get the only object from the singleton class.
SingletonPatternDemo.java
public class SingletonPatternDemo {
//illegal construct
//Compile Time Error: The constructor SingleObject() is not
visible
//SingleObject object = new SingleObject();
//Get the only object available
SingleObject object = SingleObject.getInstance();
//show the message
object.showMessage();
}
}

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Step 3
Verify the output.
Hello World!

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BuilderDesignPattern
This section describes builder pattern and its implementation.
Builder pattern builds a complex object using simple objects and using a step by step
approach. This type of design pattern comes under creational pattern as this pattern provides
one of the best ways to create an object.
A Builder class builds the final object step by step. This builder is independent of other objects.
Implementation
We've considered a business case of fast-food restaurant where a typical meal could be a
burger and a cold drink. Burger could be either a Veg Burger or Chicken Burger and will be
packed by a wrapper. Cold drink could be either a coke or pepsi and will be packed in a bottle.
We're going to create an Item interface representing food items such as burgers and cold drinks
and concrete classes implementing the Item interface and a Packing interface representing
packaging of food items and concrete classes implementing the Packing interface as burger
would be packed in wrapper and cold drink would be packed as bottle.
We then create a Meal class having ArrayList of Item and a MealBuilder to build different types
of Mealobject by combining Item. BuilderPatternDemo, our demo class will use MealBuilder to
build a Meal.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create an interface Item representing food item and packing.
Item.java
public interface Item {
public String name();
public Packing packing();
public float price();
}
Packing.java
public interface Packing {
public String pack();
}
Step 2
Create concreate classes implementing the Packing interface.
Wrapper.java
public class Wrapper implements Packing {
@Override
public String pack() {
return "Wrapper";
}
}
Bottle.java
public class Bottle implements Packing {
@Override
public String pack() {
return "Bottle";
}
}
Step 3
Create abstract classes implementing the item interface providing default functionalities.
Burger.java
public abstract class Burger implements Item {

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@Override
public Packing packing() {
return new Wrapper();
}
@Override
public abstract float price();
}
ColdDrink.java
public abstract class ColdDrink implements Item {
@Override
public Packing packing() {
return new Bottle();
}
@Override
public abstract float price();
}
Step 4
Create concrete classes extending Burger and ColdDrink classes
VegBurger.java
public class VegBurger extends Burger {
@Override
public float price() {
return 25.0f;
}
@Override
public String name() {
return "Veg Burger";
}
}
ChickenBurger.java
public class ChickenBurger extends Burger {
@Override
return 50.5f;
}
@Override
return "Chicken Burger";
}
}
Coke.java

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public class Coke extends ColdDrink {
@Override
return 30.0f;
}
@Override
return "Coke";
}
}
Pepsi.java
public class Pepsi extends ColdDrink {
@Override
return 35.0f;
}
@Override
return "Pepsi";
}
}
Step 5
Create a Meal class having Item objects defined above.
Meal.java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Meal {
private List<Item> items = new ArrayList<Item>();
public void addItem(Item item){
items.add(item);
}
public float getCost(){
float cost = 0.0f;
for (Item item : items) {
cost += item.price();
}
return cost;
}
public void showItems(){
for (Item item : items) {
System.out.print("Item : "+item.name());
System.out.print(", Packing : "+item.packing().pack());
System.out.println(", Price : "+item.price());
}

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}
}
Step 6
Create a MealBuilder class, the actual builder class responsible to create Meal objects.
MealBuilder.java
public class MealBuilder {
public Meal prepareVegMeal (){
Meal meal = new Meal();
meal.addItem(new VegBurger());
meal.addItem(new Coke());
return meal;
}
public Meal prepareNonVegMeal (){
Meal meal = new Meal();
meal.addItem(new ChickenBurger());
meal.addItem(new Pepsi());
return meal;
}
}
Step 7
BuiderPatternDemo uses MealBuider to demonstrate builder pattern.
BuilderPatternDemo.java
public class BuilderPatternDemo {
MealBuilder mealBuilder = new MealBuilder();
Meal vegMeal = mealBuilder.prepareVegMeal();
System.out.println("Veg Meal");
vegMeal.showItems();
System.out.println("Total Cost: " +vegMeal.getCost());
Meal nonVegMeal = mealBuilder.prepareNonVegMeal();
System.out.println("nnNon-Veg Meal");
nonVegMeal.showItems();
System.out.println("Total Cost: " +nonVegMeal.getCost());
}
}
Step 8
Verify the output.
Veg Meal
Item : Veg Burger, Packing : Wrapper, Price : 25.0

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Item : Coke, Packing : Bottle, Price : 30.0
Total Cost: 55.0
Non-Veg Meal
Item : Chicken Burger, Packing : Wrapper, Price : 50.5
Item : Pepsi, Packing : Bottle, Price : 35.0
Total Cost: 85.5

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PrototypeDesignPattern
This section describes prototype pattern and its implementation.
Prototype pattern refers to creating duplicate object while keeping performance in mind. This
type of design pattern comes under creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best
way to create an object.
This pattern involves implementing a prototype interface which tells to create a clone of the
current object. This pattern is used when creation of object directly is costly. For example, a
object is to be created after a costly database operation. We can cache the object, returns its
clone on next request and update the database as as and when needed thus reducing database
calls.
Implementation
We're going to create an abstract class Shape and concrete classes extending the Shape class.
A class ShapeCache is defined as a next step which stores shape objects in a Hashtable and
returns their clone when requested.
PrototypPatternDemo, our demo class will use ShapeCache class to get a Shape object.
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Class Diagram.

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create an abstract class implementing Clonable interface.
Shape.java
public abstract class Shape implements Cloneable {
private String id;
protected String type;
abstract void draw();
public String getType(){
return type;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
public Object clone() {
Object clone = null;
try {
clone = super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return clone;
}
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes extending the above class.
Rectangle.java
public class Rectangle extends Shape {
public Rectangle(){
type = "Rectangle";
}
@Override

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}
}
Square.java
public class Square extends Shape {
public Square(){
type = "Square";
}
@Override
}
}
Circle.java
public class Circle extends Shape {
public Circle(){
type = "Circle";
}
@Override
}
}
Step 3
Create a class to get concrete classes from database and store them in a Hashtable.
ShapeCache.java
import java.util.Hashtable;
public class ShapeCache {
private static Hashtable<String, Shape> shapeMap
= new Hashtable<String, Shape>();
public static Shape getShape(String shapeId) {
Shape cachedShape = shapeMap.get(shapeId);
return (Shape) cachedShape.clone();
}
// for each shape run database query and create shape
// shapeMap.put(shapeKey, shape);
// for example, we are adding three shapes
public static void loadCache() {
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.setId("1");
shapeMap.put(circle.getId(),circle);
Square square = new Square();

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square.setId("2");
shapeMap.put(square.getId(),square);
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
rectangle.setId("3");
shapeMap.put(rectangle.getId(),rectangle);
}
}
Step 4
PrototypePatternDemo uses ShapeCache class to get clones of shapes stored in a Hashtable.
PrototypePatternDemo.java
public class PrototypePatternDemo {
ShapeCache.loadCache();
Shape clonedShape = (Shape) ShapeCache.getShape("1");
System.out.println("Shape : " + clonedShape.getType());
Shape clonedShape2 = (Shape) ShapeCache.getShape("2");
System.out.println("Shape : " + clonedShape2.getType());
Shape clonedShape3 = (Shape) ShapeCache.getShape("3");
System.out.println("Shape : " + clonedShape3.getType());
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Shape : Circle
Shape : Square
Shape : Rectangle

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AdapterDesignPattern
This section describes adapter pattern and its implementation.
Adapter pattern works as a bridge between two incompatible interfaces. This type of design
pattern comes under structural pattern as this pattern combines the capability of two
independent interfaces.
This pattern involves a single class which is responsible to join functionalities of independent or
incompatible interfaces. A real life example could be a case of card reader which acts as an
adapter between memory card and a laptop. You plugins the memory card into card reader and
card reader into the laptop so that memory card can be read via laptop.
We are demonstrating use of Adapter pattern via following example in which an audio player
device can play mp3 files only and wants to use an advanced audio player capable of playing vlc
and mp4 files.
Implementation
We've an interface MediaPlayer interface and a concrete class AudioPlayer implementing
theMediaPlayer interface. AudioPlayer can play mp3 format audio files by default.
We're having another interface AdvancedMediaPlayer and concrete classes implementing
theAdvancedMediaPlayer interface.These classes can play vlc and mp4 format files.
We want to make AudioPlayer to play other formats as well. To attain this, we've created an
adapter class MediaAdapter which implements the MediaPlayer interface and
uses AdvancedMediaPlayerobjects to play the required format.
AudioPlayer uses the adapter class MediaAdapter passing it the desired audio type without
knowing the actual class which can play the desired format. AdapterPatternDemo, our demo
class will useAudioPlayer class to play various formats.
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Class Diagram

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Steps
Step 1
Create interfaces for Media Player and Advanced Media Player.
MediaPlayer.java
public interface MediaPlayer {
public void play(String audioType, String fileName);
}
AdvancedMediaPlayer.java
public interface AdvancedMediaPlayer {
public void playVlc(String fileName);
public void playMp4(String fileName);
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the AdvancedMediaPlayer interface.
VlcPlayer.java
public class VlcPlayer implements AdvancedMediaPlayer{
@Override
public void playVlc(String fileName) {
System.out.println("Playing vlc file. Name: "+ fileName);
}
@Override
public void playMp4(String fileName) {
//do nothing
}
}
Mp4Player.java
public class Mp4Player implements AdvancedMediaPlayer{
@Override
public void playVlc(String fileName) {
//do nothing
}
@Override
public void playMp4(String fileName) {
System.out.println("Playing mp4 file. Name: "+ fileName);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create adapter class implementing the MediaPlayer interface.
MediaAdapter.java
public class MediaAdapter implements MediaPlayer {
AdvancedMediaPlayer advancedMusicPlayer;
public MediaAdapter(String audioType){
if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc") ){
advancedMusicPlayer = new VlcPlayer();
} else if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
advancedMusicPlayer = new Mp4Player();
}
}
@Override
public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {
if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc")){
advancedMusicPlayer.playVlc(fileName);
}else if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
advancedMusicPlayer.playMp4(fileName);
}
}
}
Step 4
Create concrete class implementing the MediaPlayer interface.
AudioPlayer.java
public class AudioPlayer implements MediaPlayer {
MediaAdapter mediaAdapter;
@Override
public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {
//inbuilt support to play mp3 music files
if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp3")){
System.out.println("Playing mp3 file. Name: "+ fileName);
}
//mediaAdapter is providing support to play other file
formats
else if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc")
|| audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
mediaAdapter = new MediaAdapter(audioType);
mediaAdapter.play(audioType, fileName);
}
else{
System.out.println("Invalid media. "+
audioType + " format not supported");
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
}
Step 5
Use the AudioPlayer to play different types of audio formats.
AdapterPatternDemo.java
public class AdapterPatternDemo {
AudioPlayer audioPlayer = new AudioPlayer();
audioPlayer.play("mp3", "beyond the horizon.mp3");
audioPlayer.play("mp4", "alone.mp4");
audioPlayer.play("vlc", "far far away.vlc");
audioPlayer.play("avi", "mind me.avi");
}
}
Step 6
Verify the output.
Playing mp3 file. Name: beyond the horizon.mp3
Playing mp4 file. Name: alone.mp4
Playing vlc file. Name: far far away.vlc
Invalid media. avi format not supported

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BridgeDesignPattern
This section describes bridge pattern and its implementation.
Bridge is used where we need to decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the
two can vary independently. This type of design pattern comes under structural pattern as this
pattern decouples implementation class and abstract class by providing a bridge structure
between them.
This pattern involves an interface which acts as a bridge which makes the functionality of
concrete classes independent from interface implementer classes. Both types of classes can be
altered structurally without affecting each other.
We are demonstrating use of Bridge pattern via following example in which a circle can be drawn
in different colors using same abstract class method but different bridge implementer classes.
Implementation
We've an interface DrawAPI interface which is acting as a bridge implementer and concrete
classes RedCircle, GreenCircle implementing the DrawAPI interface. Shape is an abstract class
and will use object of DrawAPI. BridgePatternDemo, our demo class will use Shape class to
draw different colored circle.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create bridge implementer interface.
DrawAPI.java
public interface DrawAPI {
public void drawCircle(int radius, int x, int y);
}
Step 2
Create concrete bridge implementer classes implementing the DrawAPI interface.
RedCircle.java
public class RedCircle implements DrawAPI {
@Override
public void drawCircle(int radius, int x, int y) {
System.out.println("Drawing Circle[ color: red, radius: "
+ radius +", x: " +x+", "+ y +"]");
}
}
GreenCircle.java
public class GreenCircle implements DrawAPI {
@Override
public void drawCircle(int radius, int x, int y) {
System.out.println("Drawing Circle[ color: green, radius: "
+ radius +", x: " +x+", "+ y +"]");
}
}
Step 3
Create an abstract class Shape using the DrawAPI interface.
Shape.java
public abstract class Shape {
protected DrawAPI drawAPI;
protected Shape(DrawAPI drawAPI){
this.drawAPI = drawAPI;
}
public abstract void draw();
}

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Step 4
Create concrete class implementing the Shape interface.
Circle.java
public class Circle extends Shape {
private int x, y, radius;
public Circle(int x, int y, int radius, DrawAPI drawAPI) {
super(drawAPI);
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.radius = radius;
}
drawAPI.drawCircle(radius,x,y);
}
}
Step 5
Use the Shape and DrawAPI classes to draw different colored circles.
BridgePatternDemo.java
public class BridgePatternDemo {
Shape redCircle = new Circle(100,100, 10, new RedCircle());
Shape greenCircle = new Circle(100,100, 10, new GreenCircle());
redCircle.draw();
greenCircle.draw();
}
}
Step 6
Verify the output.
Drawing Circle[ color: red, radius: 10, x: 100, 100]
Drawing Circle[ color: green, radius: 10, x: 100, 100]

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FilterDesignPattern
This section describes filter pattern and its implementation.
Filter pattern or Criteria pattern is a design pattern that enables developers to filter a set of
objects, using different criteria, chaining them in a decoupled way through logical operations.
This type of design pattern comes under structural pattern as this pattern is combining multiple
criteria to obtain single criteria.
Implementation
We're going to create a Person object, Criteria interface and concrete classes implementing this
interface to filter list of Person objects. CriteriaPatternDemo, our demo class
uses Criteria objects to filter List of Person objects based on various criteria and their
combinations.
CHAPTER
9

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Class Diagram

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Steps
Step 1
Create a class on which criteria is to be applied.
Person.java
public class Person {
private String name;
private String gender;
private String maritalStatus;
public Person(String name,String gender,String maritalStatus){
this.name = name;
this.gender = gender;
this.maritalStatus = maritalStatus;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public String getGender() {
return gender;
}
public String getMaritalStatus() {
return maritalStatus;
}
}
Step 2
Create an interface for Criteria.
Criteria.java
public interface Criteria {
public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons);
}

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Step 3
Create concrete classes implementing the Criteria interface.
CriteriaMale.java
public class CriteriaMale implements Criteria {
@Override
public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons) {
List<Person> malePersons = new ArrayList<Person>();
for (Person person : persons) {
if(person.getGender().equalsIgnoreCase("MALE")){
malePersons.add(person);
}
}
return malePersons;
}
}
CriteriaFemale.java
public class CriteriaFemale implements Criteria {
@Override
List<Person> femalePersons = new ArrayList<Person>();
if(person.getGender().equalsIgnoreCase("FEMALE")){
femalePersons.add(person);
}
}
return femalePersons;
}
}
CriteriaSingle.java
public class CriteriaSingle implements Criteria {
@Override
List<Person> singlePersons = new ArrayList<Person>();
if(person.getMaritalStatus().equalsIgnoreCase("SINGLE")){
singlePersons.add(person);
}
}
return singlePersons;
}
}

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AndCriteria.java
public class AndCriteria implements Criteria {
private Criteria criteria;
private Criteria otherCriteria;
public AndCriteria(Criteria criteria, Criteria otherCriteria) {
this.criteria = criteria;
this.otherCriteria = otherCriteria;
}
@Override
List<Person> firstCriteriaPersons =
criteria.meetCriteria(persons);
return otherCriteria.meetCriteria(firstCriteriaPersons);
}
}
OrCriteria.java
public class AndCriteria implements Criteria {
private Criteria criteria;
private Criteria otherCriteria;
public AndCriteria(Criteria criteria, Criteria otherCriteria) {
this.criteria = criteria;
this.otherCriteria = otherCriteria;
}
@Override
List<Person> firstCriteriaItems = criteria.meetCriteria(persons);
List<Person> otherCriteriaItems =
otherCriteria.meetCriteria(persons);
for (Person person : otherCriteriaItems) {
if(!firstCriteriaItems.contains(person)){
firstCriteriaItems.add(person);
}
}
return firstCriteriaItems;
}
}

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Step 4
Use different Criteria and their combination to filter out persons.
CriteriaPatternDemo.java
public class CriteriaPatternDemo {
List<Person> persons = new ArrayList<Person>();
persons.add(new Person("Robert","Male", "Single"));
persons.add(new Person("John","Male", "Married"));
persons.add(new Person("Laura","Female", "Married"));
persons.add(new Person("Diana","Female", "Single"));
persons.add(new Person("Mike","Male", "Single"));
persons.add(new Person("Bobby","Male", "Single"));
Criteria male = new CriteriaMale();
Criteria female = new CriteriaFemale();
Criteria single = new CriteriaSingle();
Criteria singleMale = new AndCriteria(single, male);
Criteria singleOrFemale = new OrCriteria(single, female);
System.out.println("Males: ");
printPersons(male.meetCriteria(persons));
System.out.println("nFemales: ");
printPersons(female.meetCriteria(persons));
System.out.println("nSingle Males: ");
printPersons(singleMale.meetCriteria(persons));
System.out.println("nSingle Or Females: ");
printPersons(singleOrFemale.meetCriteria(persons));
}
public static void printPersons(List<Person> persons){
System.out.println("Person : [ Name : " + person.getName()
+", Gender : " + person.getGender()
+", Marital Status : " + person.getMaritalStatus()
+" ]");
}
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Males:
Person : [ Name : Robert, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : John, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Married ]

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Person : [ Name : Mike, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Bobby, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Females:
Person : [ Name : Laura, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Married ]
Person : [ Name : Diana, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Single ]
Single Males:
Single Or Females:
Person : [ Name : Diana, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Laura, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Married ]

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CompositeDesignPattern
This section describes composite pattern and its implementation.
Composite pattern is used where we need to treat a group of objects in similar way as a single
object. Composite pattern composes objects in term of a tree structure to represent part as well
as whole hierarchies. This type of design pattern comes under structural pattern as this pattern
creates a tree structure of group of objects.
This pattern creates a class contains group of its own objects. This class provides ways to
modify its group of same objects.
We are demonstrating use of Composite pattern via following example in which show employees
hierarchy of an organization.
Implementation
We've a class Employee which acts as composite pattern actor class. CompositePatternDemo,
our demo class will use Employee class to add department level hierarchy and print all
employees.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Employee class having list of Employee objects.
Employee.java
public class Employee {
private String dept;
private int salary;
private List<Employee> subordinates;
// constructor
public Employee(String name,String dept, int sal) {
this.name = name;
this.dept = dept;
this.salary = salary;
subordinates = new ArrayList<Employee>();
}
public void add(Employee e) {
subordinates.add(e);
}
public void remove(Employee e) {
subordinates.remove(e);
}
public List<Employee> getSubordinates(){
return subordinates;
}
public String toString(){
return ("Employee :[ Name : "+ name
+", dept : "+ dept + ", salary :"
+ salary+" ]");
}
}
Step 2
Use the Employee class to create and print employee hierarchy.
CompositePatternDemo.java
public class CompositePatternDemo {
Employee CEO = new Employee("John","CEO", 30000);

TUTORIALS POINT
Employee headSales = new Employee("Robert","Head Sales",
20000);
Employee headMarketing = new Employee("Michel","Head
Marketing", 20000);
Employee clerk1 = new Employee("Laura","Marketing", 10000);
Employee clerk2 = new Employee("Bob","Marketing", 10000);
Employee salesExecutive1 = new Employee("Richard","Sales",
10000);
Employee salesExecutive2 = new Employee("Rob","Sales", 10000);
CEO.add(headSales);
CEO.add(headMarketing);
headSales.add(salesExecutive1);
headSales.add(salesExecutive2);
headMarketing.add(clerk1);
headMarketing.add(clerk2);
//print all employees of the organization
System.out.println(CEO);
for (Employee headEmployee : CEO.getSubordinates()) {
System.out.println(headEmployee);
for (Employee employee : headEmployee.getSubordinates()) {
System.out.println(employee);
}
}
}
}
Step 3
Verify the output.
Employee :[ Name : John, dept : CEO, salary :30000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Robert, dept : Head Sales, salary :20000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Richard, dept : Sales, salary :10000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Rob, dept : Sales, salary :10000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Michel, dept : Head Marketing, salary :20000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Laura, dept : Marketing, salary :10000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Bob, dept : Marketing, salary :10000 ]

TUTORIALS POINT
DecoratorDesignPattern
This section describes decorator pattern and its implementation.
Decorator pattern allows adding new functionality an existing object without altering its
structure. This type of design pattern comes under structural pattern as this pattern acts as a
wrapper to existing class.
This pattern creates a decorator class which wraps the original class and provides additional
functionality keeping class methods signature intact.
We are demonstrating use of Decorator pattern via following example in which we'll decorate a
shape with some color without alter shape class.
Implementation
We then create a abstract decorator class ShapeDecorator implementing the Shape interface
and havingShape object as its instance variable.
RedShapeDecorator is concrete class implementing ShapeDecorator.
DecoratorPatternDemo, our demo class will use RedShapeDecorator to decorate Shape objects.
CHAPTER
11

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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Shape.java
void draw();
}
Step 2
Rectangle.java
@Override
System.out.println("Shape: Rectangle");
}
}
Circle.java
@Override
System.out.println("Shape: Circle");
}
}
Step 3
Create abstract decorator class implementing the Shape interface.
ShapeDecorator.java
public abstract class ShapeDecorator implements Shape {
protected Shape decoratedShape;
public ShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape){
this.decoratedShape = decoratedShape;
}
public void draw(){
decoratedShape.draw();
}

TUTORIALS POINT
}
Step 4
Create concrete decorator class extending the ShapeDecorator class.
RedShapeDecorator.java
public class RedShapeDecorator extends ShapeDecorator {
public RedShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape) {
super(decoratedShape);
}
@Override
decoratedShape.draw();
setRedBorder(decoratedShape);
}
private void setRedBorder(Shape decoratedShape){
System.out.println("Border Color: Red");
}
}
Step 5
Use the RedShapeDecorator to decorate Shape objects.
DecoratorPatternDemo.java
public class DecoratorPatternDemo {
Shape circle = new Circle();
Shape redCircle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Circle());
Shape redRectangle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Rectangle());
System.out.println("Circle with normal border");
circle.draw();
System.out.println("nCircle of red border");
redCircle.draw();
System.out.println("nRectangle of red border");
redRectangle.draw();
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 6
Verify the output.
Circle with normal border
Shape: Circle
Circle of red border
Shape: Circle
Border Color: Red
Rectangle of red border
Shape: Rectangle
Border Color: Red

TUTORIALS POINT
FaçadeDesignPattern
This section describes facade pattern and its implementation.
Facade pattern hides the complexities of the system and provides an interface to the client
using which the client can access the system. This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern adds an interface to exiting system to hide its complexities.
This pattern involves a single class which provides simplified methods which are required by
client and delegates calls to existing system classes methods.
Implementation
A facade class ShapeMaker is defined as a next step.
ShapeMaker class uses the concrete classes to delegates user calls to these
classes.FacadePatternDemo, our demo class will use ShapeMaker class to show the results.
CHAPTER
12

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Shape.java
void draw();
}
Step 2
Rectangle.java
@Override
System.out.println("Rectangle::draw()");
}
}
Square.java
@Override
System.out.println("Square::draw()");
}
}
Circle.java
@Override
System.out.println("Circle::draw()");
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create a facade class.
ShapeMaker.java
public class ShapeMaker {
private Shape circle;
private Shape rectangle;
private Shape square;
public ShapeMaker() {
circle = new Circle();
rectangle = new Rectangle();
square = new Square();
}
public void drawCircle(){
circle.draw();
}
public void drawRectangle(){
rectangle.draw();
}
public void drawSquare(){
square.draw();
}
}
Step 4
Use the facade to draw various types of shapes.
FacadePatternDemo.java
public class FacadePatternDemo {
ShapeMaker shapeMaker = new ShapeMaker();
shapeMaker.drawCircle();
shapeMaker.drawRectangle();
shapeMaker.drawSquare();
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Circle::draw()
Rectangle::draw()
Square::draw()

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FlyweightDesignPattern
This section describes flyweight pattern and its implementation.
Flyweight pattern is primarily used to reduce the number of objects created, to decrease
memory footprint and increase performance. This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern provides ways to decrease objects count thus improving application
required objects structure.
Flyweight pattern try to reuse already existing similar kind objects by storing them and creates
new object when no matching object is found. We'll demonstrate this pattern by drawing 20 circle
of different locations but we'll creating only 5 objects. Only 5 colors are available so color
property is used to check already existing Circle objects.
Implementation
We're going to create a Shape interface and concrete class Circle implementing
the Shape interface. A factory class ShapeFactory is defined as a next step.
ShapeFactory have a HashMap of Circle having key as color of the Circle object. Whenever a
request comes to create a circle of particular color to ShapeFactory. ShapeFactory checks the
circle object in itsHashMap, if object of Circle found, that object is returned otherwise a new
object is created, stored in hashmap for future use and returned to client.
FlyWeightPatternDemo, our demo class will use ShapeFactory to get a Shape object. It will pass
information (red / green / blue/ black / white) to ShapeFactory to get the circle of desired color it
needs.
CHAPTER
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Shape.java
void draw();
}
Step 2
Create concrete class implementing the same interface.
Circle.java
private String color;
private int x;
private int y;
private int radius;
public Circle(String color){
this.color = color;
}
public void setX(int x) {
this.x = x;
}
public void setY(int y) {
this.y = y;
}
public void setRadius(int radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
@Override
System.out.println("Circle: Draw() [Color : " + color
+", x : " + x +", y :" + y +", radius :" + radius);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create a Factory to generate object of concrete class based on given information.
ShapeFactory.java
import java.util.HashMap;
public class ShapeFactory {
private static final HashMap<String, Shape> circleMap = new
HashMap();
public static Shape getCircle(String color) {
Circle circle = (Circle)circleMap.get(color);
if(circle == null) {
circle = new Circle(color);
circleMap.put(color, circle);
System.out.println("Creating circle of color : " + color);
}
return circle;
}
}
Step 4
Use the Factory to get object of concrete class by passing an information such as color.
FlyweightPatternDemo.java
public class FlyweightPatternDemo {
private static final String colors[] =
{ "Red", "Green", "Blue", "White", "Black" };
for(int i=0; i < 20; ++i) {
Circle circle =
(Circle)ShapeFactory.getCircle(getRandomColor());
circle.setX(getRandomX());
circle.setY(getRandomY());
circle.setRadius(100);
circle.draw();
}
}
private static String getRandomColor() {
return colors[(int)(Math.random()*colors.length)];
}
private static int getRandomX() {
return (int)(Math.random()*100 );
}
private static int getRandomY() {
return (int)(Math.random()*100);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 5
Verify the output.
Creating circle of color : Black
Circle: Draw() [Color : Black, x : 36, y :71, radius :100
Creating circle of color : Green
Circle: Draw() [Color : Green, x : 27, y :27, radius :100
Creating circle of color : White
Circle: Draw() [Color : White, x : 64, y :10, radius :100
Creating circle of color : Red
Circle: Draw() [Color : Red, x : 15, y :44, radius :100
Creating circle of color : Blue
Circle: Draw() [Color : Blue, x : 13, y :4, radius :100
Circle: Draw() [Color : Red, x : 76, y :82, radius :100

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ProxyDesignPattern
This section describes proxy pattern and its implementation.
In Proxy pattern, a class represents functionality of another class. This type of design pattern
comes under structural pattern.
In Proxy pattern, we create object having original object to interface its functionality to outer
world.
Implementation
We're going to create a Image interface and concrete classes implementing
the Image interface.ProxyImage is a a proxy class to reduce memory footprint
of RealImage object loading.
ProxyPatternDemo, our demo class will use ProxyImage to get a Image object to load and
display as it needs.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Image.java
public interface Image {
void display();
}
Step 2
RealImage.java
public class RealImage implements Image {
private String fileName;
public RealImage(String fileName){
this.fileName = fileName;
loadFromDisk(fileName);
}
@Override
public void display() {
System.out.println("Displaying " + fileName);
}
private void loadFromDisk(String fileName){
System.out.println("Loading " + fileName);
}
}
ProxyImage.java
public class ProxyImage implements Image{
private RealImage realImage;
private String fileName;
public ProxyImage(String fileName){
this.fileName = fileName;
}
@Override
public void display() {
if(realImage == null){
realImage = new RealImage(fileName);
}

TUTORIALS POINT
realImage.display();
}
}
Step 3
Use the ProxyImage to get object of RealImage class when required.
ProxyPatternDemo.java
public class ProxyPatternDemo {
Image image = new ProxyImage("test_10mb.jpg");
//image will be loaded from disk
image.display();
System.out.println("");
//image will not be loaded from disk
image.display();
}
}
Step 4
Verify the output.
Loading test_10mb.jpg
Displaying test_10mb.jpg
Displaying test_10mb.jpg

TUTORIALS POINT
ChainofResponsibilityDesignPattern
This section describes chain of responsibility pattern and its implementation.
As the name suggest, the chain of responsibility pattern creates a chain of receiver objects for
a request. This pattern decouples sender and receiver of a request based on type of request.
This pattern comes under behavioral patterns.
In this pattern, normally each receiver contains reference to another receiver. If one object
cannot handle the request then it passes the same to the next receiver and so on.
Implementation
We've created an abstract class AbstractLogger with a level of logging. Then we've created three
types of loggers extending the AbstractLogger.
Each logger checks the level of message to its level and print accordingly otherwise does not
print and pass the message to its next logger.
CHAPTER
15

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create an abstract logger class.
AbstractLogger.java
public abstract class AbstractLogger {
public static int INFO = 1;
public static int DEBUG = 2;
public static int ERROR = 3;
protected int level;
//next element in chain or responsibility
protected AbstractLogger nextLogger;
public void setNextLogger(AbstractLogger nextLogger){
this.nextLogger = nextLogger;
}
public void logMessage(int level, String message){
if(this.level <= level){
write(message);
}
if(nextLogger !=null){
nextLogger.logMessage(level, message);
}
}
abstract protected void write(String message);
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes extending the logger.
ConsoleLogger.java
public class ConsoleLogger extends AbstractLogger {
public ConsoleLogger(int level){
this.level = level;
}
@Override
protected void write(String message) {
System.out.println("Standard Console::Logger: " + message);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
ErrorLogger.java
public class ErrorLogger extends AbstractLogger {
public ErrorLogger(int level){
this.level = level;
}
@Override
System.out.println("Error Console::Logger: " + message);
}
}
FileLogger.java
public class FileLogger extends AbstractLogger {
public FileLogger(int level){
this.level = level;
}
@Override
System.out.println("File::Logger: " + message);
}
}
Step 3
Create different types of loggers. Assign them error levels and set next logger in each logger.
Next logger in each logger represents the part of the chain.
ChainPatternDemo.java
public class ChainPatternDemo {
private static AbstractLogger getChainOfLoggers(){
AbstractLogger errorLogger = new
ErrorLogger(AbstractLogger.ERROR);
AbstractLogger fileLogger = new FileLogger(AbstractLogger.DEBUG);
AbstractLogger consoleLogger = new
ConsoleLogger(AbstractLogger.INFO);
errorLogger.setNextLogger(fileLogger);
fileLogger.setNextLogger(consoleLogger);
return errorLogger;
}
AbstractLogger loggerChain = getChainOfLoggers();
loggerChain.logMessage(AbstractLogger.INFO,
"This is an information.");
loggerChain.logMessage(AbstractLogger.DEBUG,

TUTORIALS POINT
"This is an debug level information.");
loggerChain.logMessage(AbstractLogger.ERROR,
"This is an error information.");
}
}
Step 4
Verify the output.
Standard Console::Logger: This is an information.
File::Logger: This is an debug level information.
Standard Console::Logger: This is an debug level information.
Error Console::Logger: This is an error information.
File::Logger: This is an error information.
Standard Console::Logger: This is an error information.

TUTORIALS POINT
CommandDesignPattern
This section describes command pattern and its implementation.
Command pattern is a data driven design pattern and falls under behavioral pattern category.
A request is wrapped under a object as command and passed to invoker object. Invoker object
looks for the appropriate object which can handle this command and pass the command to the
corresponding object and that object executes the command.
Implementation
We've created an interface Order which is acting as a command. We've created a Stock class
which acts as a request.
We've concrete command classes BuyStock and SellStock implementing Orderinterface which
will do actual command processing. A class Broker is created which acts as a invoker object. It
can take order and place orders.
Broker object uses command pattern to identify which object will execute which command based
on type of command. CommandPatternDemo, our demo class will use Broker class to
demonstrate command pattern.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create a command interface.
Order.java
public interface Order {
void execute();
}
Step 2
Create a request class.
Stock.java
public class Stock {
private String name = "ABC";
private int quantity = 10;
public void buy(){
System.out.println("Stock [ Name: "+name+",
Quantity: " + quantity +" ] bought");
}
public void sell(){
System.out.println("Stock [ Name: "+name+",
Quantity: " + quantity +" ] sold");
}
}
Step 3
Create concrete classes implementing the Order interface.
BuyStock.java
public class BuyStock implements Order {
private Stock abcStock;
public BuyStock(Stock abcStock){
this.abcStock = abcStock;
}
public void execute() {
abcStock.buy();
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
SellStock.java
public class SellStock implements Order {
private Stock abcStock;
public SellStock(Stock abcStock){
this.abcStock = abcStock;
}
public void execute() {
abcStock.sell();
}
}
Step 4
Create command invoker class.
Broker.java
public class Broker {
private List<Order> orderList = new ArrayList<Order>();
public void takeOrder(Order order){
orderList.add(order);
}
public void placeOrders(){
for (Order order : orderList) {
order.execute();
}
orderList.clear();
}
}
Step 5
Use the Broker class to take and execute commands.
CommandPatternDemo.java
public class CommandPatternDemo {
Stock abcStock = new Stock();
BuyStock buyStockOrder = new BuyStock(abcStock);
SellStock sellStockOrder = new SellStock(abcStock);
Broker broker = new Broker();
broker.takeOrder(buyStockOrder);
broker.takeOrder(sellStockOrder);
broker.placeOrders();
}

TUTORIALS POINT
}
Step 6
Verify the output.
Stock [ Name: ABC, Quantity: 10 ] bought
Stock [ Name: ABC, Quantity: 10 ] sold

TUTORIALS POINT
InterpreterDesignPattern
This section describes interpreter pattern and its implementation.
Interpreter pattern provides way to evaluate language grammar or expression. This type of
pattern comes under behavioral patterns. This pattern involves implementing an expression
interface which tells to interpret a particular context. This pattern is used in SQL parsing, symbol
processing engine etc.
Implementation
We're going to create an interface Expression and concrete classes implementing
the Expressioninterface. A class TerminalExpression is defined which acts as a main interpreter
of context in question. Other classes OrExpression, AndExpression are used to create
combinational expressions.
InterpreterPatternDemo, our demo class will use Expression class to create rules and
demonstrate parsing of expressions.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create an expression interface.
Expression.java
public interface Expression {
public boolean interpret(String context);
}
Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the above interface.
TerminalExpression.java
public class TerminalExpression implements Expression {
private String data;
public TerminalExpression(String data){
this.data = data;
}
@Override
public boolean interpret(String context) {
if(context.contains(data)){
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
OrExpression.java
public class OrExpression implements Expression {
private Expression expr1 = null;
public OrExpression(Expression expr1, Expression expr2) {
this.expr1 = expr1;
this.expr2 = expr2;
}
@Override
return expr1.interpret(context) || expr2.interpret(context);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
AndExpression.java
public class AndExpression implements Expression {
public AndExpression(Expression expr1, Expression expr2) {
this.expr1 = expr1;
this.expr2 = expr2;
}
@Override
return expr1.interpret(context) && expr2.interpret(context);
}
}
Step 3
InterpreterPatternDemo uses Expression class to create rules and then parse them.
InterpreterPatternDemo.java
public class InterpreterPatternDemo {
//Rule: Robert and John are male
public static Expression getMaleExpression(){
Expression robert = new TerminalExpression("Robert");
Expression john = new TerminalExpression("John");
return new OrExpression(robert, john);
}
//Rule: Julie is a married women
public static Expression getMarriedWomanExpression(){
Expression julie = new TerminalExpression("Julie");
Expression married = new TerminalExpression("Married");
return new AndExpression(julie, married);
}
Expression isMale = getMaleExpression();
Expression isMarriedWoman = getMarriedWomanExpression();
System.out.println("John is male? " +
isMale.interpret("John"));
System.out.println("Julie is a married women? "
+ isMarriedWoman.interpret("Married Julie"));
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 4
Verify the output.
John is male? true
Julie is a married women? true

TUTORIALS POINT
IteratorDesignPattern
This section describes iterator pattern and its implementation.
Iterator pattern is very commonly used design pattern in Java and .Net programming
environment. This pattern is used to get a way to access the elements of a collection object in
sequential manner without any need to know its underlying representation.
Iterator pattern falls under behavioral pattern category.
Implementation
We're going to create a Iterator interface which narrates navigation method and
a Container interface which returns the iterator. Concrete classes implementing
the Container interface will be responsible to implement Iterator interface and use it
IteratorPatternDemo, our demo class will use NamesRepository, a concrete class
implementation to print a Names stored as a collection in NamesRepository.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create interfaces.
Iterator.java
public interface Iterator {
public boolean hasNext();
public Object next();
}
Container.java
public interface Container {
public Iterator getIterator();
}
Step 2
Create concrete class implementing the Container interface. This class has inner
class NameIteratorimplementing the Iterator interface.
NameRepository.java
public class NameRepository implements Container {
public String names[] = {"Robert" , "John" ,"Julie" , "Lora"};
@Override
public Iterator getIterator() {
return new NameIterator();
}
private class NameIterator implements Iterator {
int index;
@Override
public boolean hasNext() {
if(index < names.length){
return true;
}
return false;
}
@Override
public Object next() {
if(this.hasNext()){
return names[index++];
}
return null;
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
}
Step 3
Use the NameRepository to get iterator and print names.
IteratorPatternDemo.java
public class IteratorPatternDemo {
NameRepository namesRepository = new NameRepository();
for(Iterator iter = namesRepository.getIterator();
iter.hasNext();){
String name = (String)iter.next();
System.out.println("Name : " + name);
}
}
}
Step 4
Verify the output.
Name : Robert
Name : John
Name : Julie
Name : Lora

TUTORIALS POINT
MediatorDesignPattern
This section describes mediator pattern and its implementation.
Mediator pattern is used to reduce communication complexity between multiple objects or
classes. This pattern provides a mediator class which normally handles all the communications
between different classes and supports easy maintainability of the code by loose coupling.
Mediator pattern falls under behavioral pattern category.
Implementation
We're demonstrating mediator pattern by example of a Chat Room where multiple users can
send message to Chat Room and it is the responsibility of Chat Room to show the messages to
all users. We've created two classes ChatRoom and User. User objects will
use ChatRoom method to share their messages.
MediatorPatternDemo, our demo class will use User objects to show communication between
them.
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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create mediator class.
ChatRoom.java
import java.util.Date;
public class ChatRoom {
public static void showMessage(User user, String message){
System.out.println(new Date().toString()
+ " [" + user.getName() +"] : " + message);
}
}
Step 2
Create user class
User.java
public class User {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public User(String name){
this.name = name;
}
public void sendMessage(String message){
ChatRoom.showMessage(this,message);
}
}
Step 3
Use the User object to show communications between them.
MediatorPatternDemo.java
public class MediatorPatternDemo {
User robert = new User("Robert");

TUTORIALS POINT
User john = new User("John");
robert.sendMessage("Hi! John!");
john.sendMessage("Hello! Robert!");
}
}
Step 4
Verify the output.
Thu Jan 31 16:05:46 IST 2013 [Robert] : Hi! John!
Thu Jan 31 16:05:46 IST 2013 [John] : Hello! Robert!

TUTORIALS POINT
MementoDesignPattern
This section describes memento pattern and its implementation.
Memento pattern is used to reduce where we want to restore state of an object to a previous
state. Memento pattern falls under behavioral pattern category.
Implementation
Memento pattern uses three actor classes. Memento contains state of an object to be restored.
Originator creates and stores states in Memento objects and Caretaker object which is
responsible to restore object state from Memento.
We've created classes Memento, Originator and CareTaker.
MementoPatternDemo, our demo class will use CareTaker and Originator objects to show
restoration of object states.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Memento class.
Memento.java
public class Memento {
private String state;
public Memento(String state){
this.state = state;
}
public String getState(){
return state;
}
}
Step 2
Create Originator class
Originator.java
public class Originator {
private String state;
public void setState(String state){
this.state = state;
}
public String getState(){
return state;
}
public Memento saveStateToMemento(){
return new Memento(state);
}
public void getStateFromMemento(Memento Memento){
state = Memento.getState();
}
}
Step 3
Create CareTaker class
CareTaker.java

TUTORIALS POINT
public class CareTaker {
private List<Memento> mementoList = new ArrayList<Memento>();
public void add(Memento state){
mementoList.add(state);
}
public Memento get(int index){
return mementoList.get(index);
}
}
Step 4
Use CareTaker and Originator objects.
MementoPatternDemo.java
public class MementoPatternDemo {
Originator originator = new Originator();
CareTaker careTaker = new CareTaker();
originator.setState("State #1");
careTaker.add(originator.saveStateToMemento());
careTaker.add(originator.saveStateToMemento());
System.out.println("Current State: " + originator.getState());
originator.getStateFromMemento(careTaker.get(0));
System.out.println("First saved State: " +
originator.getState());
originator.getStateFromMemento(careTaker.get(1));
System.out.println("Second saved State: " +
originator.getState());
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Current State: State #4
First saved State: State #2
Second saved State: State #3

TUTORIALS POINT
ObserverDesignPattern
This section describes observer pattern and its implementation.
Observer pattern is used when there is one to many relationship between objects such as if
one object is modified, its depenedent objects are to be notified automatically. Observer pattern
falls under behavioral pattern category.
Implementation
Observer pattern uses three actor classes Subject, Observer and Client. Subject an object
having methods to attach and de-attach observers to a client object. We've created
classes Subject, Observerabstract class and concrete classes extending the abstract class
the Observer.
ObserverPatternDemo, our demo class will use Subject and concrete class objects to show
observer pattern in action.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Subject class.
Subject.java
public class Subject {
private List<Observer> observers
= new ArrayList<Observer>();
private int state;
public int getState() {
return state;
}
public void setState(int state) {
this.state = state;
notifyAllObservers();
}
public void attach(Observer observer){
observers.add(observer);
}
public void notifyAllObservers(){
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update();
}
}
}
Step 2
Create Observer class.
Observer.java
public abstract class Observer {
protected Subject subject;
public abstract void update();
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create concrete observer classes
BinaryObserver.java
public class BinaryObserver extends Observer{
public BinaryObserver(Subject subject){
this.subject = subject;
this.subject.attach(this);
}
@Override
public void update() {
System.out.println( "Binary String: "
+ Integer.toBinaryString( subject.getState() ) );
}
}
OctalObserver.java
public class OctalObserver extends Observer{
public OctalObserver(Subject subject){
}
@Override
System.out.println( "Octal String: "
+ Integer.toOctalString( subject.getState() ) );
}
}
HexaObserver.java
public class HexaObserver extends Observer{
public HexaObserver(Subject subject){
}
@Override
System.out.println( "Hex String: "
+ Integer.toHexString( subject.getState() ).toUpperCase() );
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 4
Use Subject and concrete observer objects.
ObserverPatternDemo.java
public class ObserverPatternDemo {
Subject subject = new Subject();
new HexaObserver(subject);
new OctalObserver(subject);
new BinaryObserver(subject);
System.out.println("First state change: 15");
subject.setState(15);
System.out.println("Second state change: 10");
subject.setState(10);
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
First state change: 15
Hex String: F
Octal String: 17
Binary String: 1111
Second state change: 10
Hex String: A
Octal String: 12
Binary String: 1010

TUTORIALS POINT
StateDesignPattern
This section describes state pattern and its implementation.
In State pattern a class behavior changes based on its state. This type of design pattern
comes under behavior pattern.
In State pattern, we create objects which represent various states and a context object whose
behavior varies as its state object changes.
Implementation
We're going to create a State interface defining a action and concrete state classes
implementing theState interface. Context is a class which carries a State.
StaePatternDemo, our demo class will use Context and state objects to demonstrate change in
Context behavior based on type of state it is in.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Image.java
public interface State {
public void doAction(Context context);
}
Step 2
StartState.java
public class StartState implements State {
public void doAction(Context context) {
System.out.println("Player is in start state");
context.setState(this);
}
return "Start State";
}
}
StopState.java
public class StopState implements State {
public void doAction(Context context) {
System.out.println("Player is in stop state");
context.setState(this);
}
return "Stop State";
}
}
Step 3
Create Context Class.
Context.java
public class Context {
private State state;

TUTORIALS POINT
public Context(){
state = null;
}
public void setState(State state){
this.state = state;
}
public State getState(){
return state;
}
}
Step 4
Use the Context to see change in behaviour when State changes.
StatePatternDemo.java
public class StatePatternDemo {
Context context = new Context();
StartState startState = new StartState();
startState.doAction(context);
System.out.println(context.getState().toString());
StopState stopState = new StopState();
stopState.doAction(context);
System.out.println(context.getState().toString());
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Player is in start state
Start State
Player is in stop state
Stop State

TUTORIALS POINT
NullObjectDesignPattern
This section describes null object pattern and its implementation.
In Null Object pattern, a null object replaces check of NULL object instance. Instead of putting
if check for a null value, Null Object reflects a do nothing relationship. Such Null object can also
be used to provide default behaviour in case data is not available.
In Null Object pattern, we create a abstract class specifying the various operations to be done,
concreate classes extending this class and a null object class providing do nothing implemention
of this class and will be used seemlessly where we need to check null value.
Implementation
We're going to create a AbstractCustomer abstract class defining opearations, here the name of
the customer and concrete classes extending the AbstractCustomer class. A factory
classCustomerFactory is created to return either RealCustomer or NullCustomer objects based
on the name of customer passed to it.
NullPatternDemo, our demo class will use CustomerFactory to demonstrate use of Null Object
pattern.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create an abstract class.
AbstractCustomer.java
public abstract class AbstractCustomer {
protected String name;
public abstract boolean isNil();
public abstract String getName();
}
Step 2
RealCustomer.java
public class RealCustomer extends AbstractCustomer {
public RealCustomer(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
return name;
}
@Override
public boolean isNil() {
return false;
}
}
NullCustomer.java
public class NullCustomer extends AbstractCustomer {
@Override
return "Not Available in Customer Database";
}
@Override
public boolean isNil() {
return true;
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create CustomerFactory Class.
CustomerFactory.java
public class CustomerFactory {
public static final String[] names = {"Rob", "Joe", "Julie"};
public static AbstractCustomer getCustomer(String name){
for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
if (names[i].equalsIgnoreCase(name)){
return new RealCustomer(name);
}
}
return new NullCustomer();
}
}
Step 4
Use the CustomerFactory get either RealCustomer or NullCustomer objects based on the name
of customer passed to it.
NullPatternDemo.java
public class NullPatternDemo {
AbstractCustomer customer1 = CustomerFactory.getCustomer("Rob");
AbstractCustomer customer2 = CustomerFactory.getCustomer("Bob");
AbstractCustomer customer3 =
CustomerFactory.getCustomer("Julie");
AbstractCustomer customer4 =
CustomerFactory.getCustomer("Laura");
System.out.println("Customers");
System.out.println(customer1.getName());
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 5
Verify the output.
Customers
Rob
Not Available in Customer Database
Julie
Not Available in Customer Database

TUTORIALS POINT
StrategyDesignPattern
This section describes strategy pattern and its implementation.
In Strategy pattern, a class behavior or its algorithm can be changed at run time. This type of
design pattern comes under behavior pattern.
In Strategy pattern, we create objects which represent various strategies and a context object
whose behavior varies as per its strategy object. The strategy object changes the executing
algorithm of the context object.
Implementation
We're going to create a Strategy interface defining a action and concrete strategy classes
implementing the Strategy interface. Context is a class which uses a Strategy.
StrategyPatternDemo, our demo class will use Context and strategy objects to demonstrate
change in Context behaviour based on strategy it deploys or uses.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Strategy.java
public interface Strategy {
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2);
}
Step 2
OperationAdd.java
public class OperationAdd implements Strategy{
@Override
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
}
OperationSubstract.java
public class OperationSubstract implements Strategy{
@Override
return num1 - num2;
}
}
OperationMultiply.java
public class OperationMultiply implements Strategy{
@Override
return num1 * num2;
}
}
Step 3
Create Context Class.
Context.java
public class Context {
private Strategy strategy;
public Context(Strategy strategy){

TUTORIALS POINT
this.strategy = strategy;
}
public int executeStrategy(int num1, int num2){
return strategy.doOperation(num1, num2);
}
}
Step 4
Use the Context to see change in behaviour when it changes its Strategy.
StatePatternDemo.java
public class StrategyPatternDemo {
Context context = new Context(new OperationAdd());
System.out.println("10 + 5 = " + context.executeStrategy(10,
5));
context = new Context(new OperationSubstract());
System.out.println("10 - 5 = " + context.executeStrategy(10,
5));
context = new Context(new OperationMultiply());
System.out.println("10 * 5 = " + context.executeStrategy(10,
5));
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
10 + 5 = 15
10 - 5 = 5
10 * 5 = 50

TUTORIALS POINT
TemplateDesignPattern
This section describes template pattern and its implementation.
In Template pattern, an abstract class exposes defined way(s)/template(s) to execute its
methods. Its subclasses can overrides the method implementations as per need basis but the
invocation is to be in the same way as defined by an abstract class. This pattern comes under
behavior pattern category.
Implementation
We're going to create a Game abstract class defining operations with a template method set to
be final so that it cannot be overridden. Cricket and Football are concrete classes
extend Game and override its methods.
TemplatePatternDemo, our demo class will use Game to demonstrate use of template pattern.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create an abstract class with a template method being final.
Game.java
public abstract class Game {
abstract void initialize();
abstract void startPlay();
abstract void endPlay();
//template method
public final void play(){
//initialize the game
initialize();
//start game
startPlay();
//end game
endPlay();
}
}
Step 2
Cricket.java
public class Cricket extends Game {
@Override
void endPlay() {
System.out.println("Cricket Game Finished!");
}
@Override
void initialize() {
System.out.println("Cricket Game Initialized! Start
playing.");
}
@Override
void startPlay() {
System.out.println("Cricket Game Started. Enjoy the game!");
}
}
Football.java
public class Football extends Game {

TUTORIALS POINT
@Override
void endPlay() {
System.out.println("Football Game Finished!");
}
@Override
void initialize() {
System.out.println("Football Game Initialized! Start
playing.");
}
@Override
void startPlay() {
System.out.println("Football Game Started. Enjoy the
game!");
}
}
Step 3
Use the Game's template method play() to demonstrate a defined way of playing game.
TemplatePatternDemo.java
public class TemplatePatternDemo {
Game game = new Cricket();
game.play();
System.out.println();
game = new Football();
game.play();
}
}
Step 4
Verify the output.
Cricket Game Initialized! Start playing.
Cricket Game Started. Enjoy the game!
Cricket Game Finished!
Football Game Initialized! Start playing.
Football Game Started. Enjoy the game!
Football Game Finished!

TUTORIALS POINT
VisitorDesignPattern
This section describes visitor pattern and its implementation.
In Visitor pattern, we use a visitor class which changes the executing algorithm of an element
class. By this way, execution algorithm of element can varies as visitor varies. This pattern
comes under behavior pattern category. As per the pattern, element object has to accept the
visitor object so that visitor object handles the operation on the element object.
Implementation
We're going to create a ComputerPart interface defining accept opearation.
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor and Computer are concrete classes
implementing ComputerPart interface.
We'll define another interface ComputerPartVisitor which will define visitor class
operations. Computer uses concrete visitor to do corresponding action.
VisitorPatternDemo, our demo class will use Computer, ComputerPartVisitor classes to
demonstrate use of visitor pattern.
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TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Define an interface to represent element.
ComputerPart.java
public interface class ComputerPart {
public void accept(ComputerPartVisitor computerPartVisitor);
}
Step 2
Keyboard.java
public class Keyboard implements ComputerPart {
@Override
public void accept(ComputerPartVisitor computerPartVisitor) {
computerPartVisitor.visit(this);
}
}
Monitor.java
public class Monitor implements ComputerPart {
@Override
}
}
Mouse.java
public class Mouse implements ComputerPart {
@Override
}
}
Computer.java
public class Computer implements ComputerPart {
ComputerPart[] parts;
public Computer(){
parts = new ComputerPart[] {new Mouse(), new Keyboard(), new
Monitor()};

TUTORIALS POINT
}
@Override
for (int i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
parts[i].accept(computerPartVisitor);
}
}
}
Step 3
Define an interface to represent visitor.
ComputerPartVisitor.java
public interface ComputerPartVisitor {
public void visit(Computer computer);
public void visit(Mouse mouse);
public void visit(Keyboard keyboard);
public void visit(Monitor monitor);
}
Step 4
Create concrete visitor implementing the above class.
ComputerPartDisplayVisitor.java
public class ComputerPartDisplayVisitor implements ComputerPartVisitor
{
@Override
public void visit(Computer computer) {
System.out.println("Displaying Computer.");
}
@Override
public void visit(Mouse mouse) {
System.out.println("Displaying Mouse.");
}
@Override
public void visit(Keyboard keyboard) {
System.out.println("Displaying Keyboard.");
}
@Override
public void visit(Monitor monitor) {
System.out.println("Displaying Monitor.");
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 5
Use the ComputerPartDisplayVisitor to display parts of Computer.
VisitorPatternDemo.java
public class VisitorPatternDemo {
ComputerPart computer = new Computer();
computer.accept(new ComputerPartDisplayVisitor());
}
}
Step 6
Verify the output.
Displaying Mouse.
Displaying Keyboard.
Displaying Monitor.
Displaying Computer.

TUTORIALS POINT
MVCDesignPattern
This section describes MVC pattern and its implementation.
MVC Pattern stands for Model-View-Controller Pattern. This pattern is used to separate
application's concerns.
 Model - Model represents an object or JAVA POJO carrying data. It can also have logic
to update controller if its data changes.
 View - View represents the visualization of the data that model contains.
 Controller - Controller acts on both Model and view. It controls the data flow into model
object and updates the view whenever data changes. It keeps View and Model
separate.
Implementation
We're going to create Student object acting as a model.StudentView will be a view class which
can print student details on console and StudentController is the controller class responsible to
store data in Student object and update view StudentView accordingly.
MVCPatternDemo, our demo class will use StudentController to demonstrate use of MVC
pattern.
CHAPTER
27

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Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Model.
Student.java
public class Student {
private String rollNo;
public String getRollNo() {
return rollNo;
}
public void setRollNo(String rollNo) {
this.rollNo = rollNo;
}
return name;
}
this.name = name;
}
}
Step 2
Create View.
StudentView.java
public class StudentView {
public void printStudentDetails(String studentName, String
studentRollNo){
System.out.println("Student: ");
System.out.println("Name: " + studentName);
System.out.println("Roll No: " + studentRollNo);
}
}
Step 3
Create Controller.
StudentController.java
public class StudentController {
private Student model;
private StudentView view;
public StudentController(Student model, StudentView view){
this.model = model;
this.view = view;

TUTORIALS POINT
}
public void setStudentName(String name){
model.setName(name);
}
public String getStudentName(){
return model.getName();
}
public void setStudentRollNo(String rollNo){
model.setRollNo(rollNo);
}
public String getStudentRollNo(){
return model.getRollNo();
}
public void updateView(){
view.printStudentDetails(model.getName(), model.getRollNo());
}
}
Step 4
Use the StudentController methods to demonstrate MVC design pattern usage.
MVCPatternDemo.java
public class MVCPatternDemo {
//fetch student record based on his roll no from the
database
Student model = retriveStudentFromDatabase();
//Create a view : to write student details on console
StudentView view = new StudentView();
StudentController controller = new StudentController(model,
view);
controller.updateView();
//update model data
controller.setStudentName("John");
controller.updateView();
}
private static Student retriveStudentFromDatabase(){
Student student = new Student();
student.setName("Robert");
student.setRollNo("10");
return student;
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 5
Verify the output.
Student:
Name: Robert
Roll No: 10
Student:
Name: Julie
Roll No: 10

TUTORIALS POINT
BusinessDelegateDesignPattern
This section describes business delegate pattern and its implementation.
Business Delegate Pattern is used to decouple presentation tier and business tier. It is
basically use to reduce communication or remote lookup functionality to business tier code in
presentation tier code. In business tier we've following entities.
 Client - Presentation tier code may be JSP, servlet or UI java code.
 Business Delegate - A single entry point class for client entities to provide access to
Business Service methods.
 LookUp Service - Lookup service object is responsible to get relative business
implementation and provide business object access to business delegate object.
 Business Service - Business Service interface. Concrete classes implement this
business service to provide actual business implementation logic.
Implementation
We're going to create a Client, BusinessDelegate, BusinessService, LookUpService,
JMSService and EJBService.
These classes will be representing various entities of Business Delegate pattern.
BusinessDelegatePatternDemo, our demo class will use BusinessDelegate and Client to
demonstrate use of Business Delegate pattern.
CHAPTER
28

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create BusinessService Interface.
BusinessService.java
public interface BusinessService {
public void doProcessing();
}
Step 2
Create Concreate Service Classes.
EJBService.java
public class EJBService implements BusinessService {
@Override
public void doProcessing() {
System.out.println("Processing task by invoking EJB Service");
}
}
JMSService.java
public class JMSService implements BusinessService {
@Override
public void doProcessing() {
System.out.println("Processing task by invoking JMS Service");
}
}
Step 3
Create Business Lookup Service.
BusinessLookUp.java
public class BusinessLookUp {
public BusinessService getBusinessService(String serviceType){
if(serviceType.equalsIgnoreCase("EJB")){
return new EJBService();
}else {
return new JMSService();
}
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 4
Create Business Delegate.
BusinessLookUp.java
public class BusinessDelegate {
private BusinessLookUp lookupService = new BusinessLookUp();
private BusinessService businessService;
private String serviceType;
public void setServiceType(String serviceType){
this.serviceType = serviceType;
}
public void doTask(){
businessService = lookupService.getBusinessService(serviceType);
businessService.doProcessing();
}
}
Step 5
Create Client.
Student.java
public class Client {
BusinessDelegate businessService;
public Client(BusinessDelegate businessService){
this.businessService = businessService;
}
public void doTask(){
businessService.doTask();
}
}
Step 6
Use BusinessDelegate and Client class to demonstrate Business Delegate pattern.
BusinessDelegatePatternDemo.java
public class BusinessDelegatePatternDemo {
BusinessDelegate businessDelegate = new BusinessDelegate();
businessDelegate.setServiceType("EJB");
Client client = new Client(businessDelegate);
client.doTask();

TUTORIALS POINT
businessDelegate.setServiceType("JMS");
client.doTask();
}
}
Step 7
Verify the output.
Processing task by invoking EJB Service
Processing task by invoking JMS Service

TUTORIALS POINT
CompositeEntityDesignPattern
This section describes composite entity pattern and its implementation.
Composite Entity pattern is used in EJB persistence mechanism. A Composite entity is an
EJB entity bean which represents a graph of objects. When a composite entity is updated,
internally dependent objects beans get updated automatically as being managed by EJB entity
bean. Following are the participants in Composite Entity Bean.
 Composite Entity - It is primary entity bean.It can be coarse grained or can contain a
coarse grained object to be used for persistence purpose.
 Coarse-Grained Object -This object contains dependent objects. It has its own life
cycle and also manages life cycle of dependent objects.
 Dependent Object - Dependent objects is an object which depends on Coarse-Grained
object for its persistence lifecycle.
 Strategies - Strategies represents how to implement a Composite Entity.
Implementation
We're going to create CompositeEntity object acting as CompositeEntity.
CoarseGrainedObject will be a class which contains dependent objects.
CompositeEntityPatternDemo, our demo class will use Client class to demonstrate use of
Composite Entity pattern.
CHAPTER
29

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Dependent Objects.
DependentObject1.java
public class DependentObject1 {
public void setData(String data){
this.data = data;
}
public String getData(){
return data;
}
}
DependentObject2.java
public class DependentObject2 {
public void setData(String data){
this.data = data;
}
public String getData(){
return data;
}
}
Step 2
Create Coarse Grained Object.
CoarseGrainedObject.java
public class CoarseGrainedObject {
DependentObject1 do1 = new DependentObject1();
DependentObject2 do2 = new DependentObject2();
public void setData(String data1, String data2){
do1.setData(data1);
do2.setData(data2);
}
public String[] getData(){
return new String[] {do1.getData(),do2.getData()};
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create Composite Entity.
CompositeEntity.java
public class CompositeEntity {
private CoarseGrainedObject cgo = new CoarseGrainedObject();
cgo.setData(data1, data2);
}
public String[] getData(){
return cgo.getData();
}
}
Step 4
Create Client class to use Composite Entity.
Client.java
private CompositeEntity compositeEntity = new CompositeEntity();
public void printData(){
for (int i = 0; i < compositeEntity.getData().length; i++) {
System.out.println("Data: " + compositeEntity.getData()[i]);
}
}
compositeEntity.setData(data1, data2);
}
}
Step 5
Use the Client to demonstrate Composite Entity design pattern usage.
CompositeEntityPatternDemo.java
public class CompositeEntityPatternDemo {
Client client = new Client();
client.setData("Test", "Data");
client.printData();
client.setData("Second Test", "Data1");
client.printData();
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 6
Verify the output.
Data: Test
Data: Data
Data: Second Test
Data: Data1

TUTORIALS POINT
DataAccessObjectDesignPattern
This section describes data access object pattern and its implementation.
Data Access Object Pattern or DAO pattern is used to separate low level data accessing API
or operations from high level business services. Following are the participants in Data Access
Object Pattern.
 Data Access Object Interface - This interface defines the standard operations to be
performed on a model object(s).
 Data Access Object concrete class -This class implements above interface. This
class is responsible to get data from a datasource which can be database / xml or any
other storage mechanism.
 Model Object or Value Object - This object is simple POJO containing get/set
methods to store data retrieved using DAO class.
Implementation
We're going to create a Student object acting as a Model or Value Object.StudentDao is Data
Access Object Interface.StudentDaoImpl is concrete class implementing Data Access Object
Interface.
DaoPatternDemo, our demo class will use StudentDao demonstrate use of Data Access Object
pattern.
CHAPTER
30

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Value Object.
Student.java
public class Student {
private int rollNo;
Student(String name, int rollNo){
this.name = name;
}
return name;
}
this.name = name;
}
public int getRollNo() {
return rollNo;
}
public void setRollNo(int rollNo) {
}
}
Step 2
Create Data Access Object Interface.
StudentDao.java
public interface StudentDao {
public List<Student> getAllStudents();
public Student getStudent(int rollNo);
public void updateStudent(Student student);
public void deleteStudent(Student student);
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 3
Create concreate class implementing above interface.
StudentDaoImpl.java
public class StudentDaoImpl implements StudentDao {
//list is working as a database
List<Student> students;
public StudentDaoImpl(){
students = new ArrayList<Student>();
Student student1 = new Student("Robert",0);
Student student2 = new Student("John",1);
students.add(student1);
}
@Override
public void deleteStudent(Student student) {
students.remove(student.getRollNo());
System.out.println("Student: Roll No " + student.getRollNo()
+", deleted from database");
}
//retrive list of students from the database
@Override
public List<Student> getAllStudents() {
return students;
}
@Override
public Student getStudent(int rollNo) {
return students.get(rollNo);
}
@Override
public void updateStudent(Student student) {
students.get(student.getRollNo()).setName(student.getName());
System.out.println("Student: Roll No " + student.getRollNo()
+", updated in the database");
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 4
Use the StudentDao to demonstrate Data Access Object pattern usage.
CompositeEntityPatternDemo.java
public class DaoPatternDemo {
StudentDao studentDao = new StudentDaoImpl();
//print all students
for (Student student : studentDao.getAllStudents()) {
System.out.println("Student: [RollNo : "
+student.getRollNo()+", Name : "+student.getName()+" ]");
}
//update student
Student student =studentDao.getAllStudents().get(0);
student.setName("Michael");
studentDao.updateStudent(student);
//get the student
studentDao.getStudent(0);
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Student: [RollNo : 0, Name : Robert ]
Student: [RollNo : 1, Name : John ]
Student: Roll No 0, updated in the database
Student: [RollNo : 0, Name : Michael ]

TUTORIALS POINT
FrontControllerDesignPattern
This section describes front controller pattern and its implementation.
The front controller design pattern is used to provide a centralized request handling
mechanism so that all requests will be handled by a single handler. This handler can do the
authentication/ authorization/ logging or tracking of request and then pass the requests to
corresponding handlers. Following are the entities of this type of design pattern.
 Front Controller - Single handler for all kind of request coming to the application
(either web based/ desktop based).
 Dispatcher - Front Controller may use a dispatcher object which can dispatch the
request to corresponding specific handler.
 View - Views are the object for which the requests are made.
Implementation
We're going to create a FrontController, Dispatcher to act as Front Controller and Dispatcher
correspondingly. HomeView and StudentView represent various views for which requests can
come to front controller.
FrontControllerPatternDemo, our demo class will use FrontController ato demonstrate Front
Controller Design Pattern.
CHAPTER
31

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Views.
HomeView.java
public class HomeView {
public void show(){
System.out.println("Displaying Home Page");
}
}
StudentView.java
public class StudentView {
public void show(){
System.out.println("Displaying Student Page");
}
}
Step 2
Create Dispatcher.
Dispatcher.java
public class Dispatcher {
private StudentView studentView;
private HomeView homeView;
public Dispatcher(){
studentView = new StudentView();
homeView = new HomeView();
}
public void dispatch(String request){
if(request.equalsIgnoreCase("STUDENT")){
studentView.show();
}else{
homeView.show();
}
}
}
Step 3
Create FrontController
Context.java
public class FrontController {

TUTORIALS POINT
private Dispatcher dispatcher;
public FrontController(){
dispatcher = new Dispatcher();
}
private boolean isAuthenticUser(){
System.out.println("User is authenticated successfully.");
return true;
}
private void trackRequest(String request){
System.out.println("Page requested: " + request);
}
public void dispatchRequest(String request){
//log each request
trackRequest(request);
//authenticate the user
if(isAuthenticUser()){
dispatcher.dispatch(request);
}
}
}
Step 4
Use the FrontController to demonstrate Front Controller Design Pattern.
FrontControllerPatternDemo.java
public class FrontControllerPatternDemo {
FrontController frontController = new FrontController();
frontController.dispatchRequest("HOME");
frontController.dispatchRequest("STUDENT");
}
}
Step 5
Verify the output.
Page requested: HOME
User is authenticated successfully.
Displaying Home Page
Page requested: STUDENT
User is authenticated successfully.
Displaying Student Page

TUTORIALS POINT
InterceptingFilterDesignPattern
This section describes intercepting filter pattern and its implementation.
The intercepting filter design pattern is used when we want to do some pre-processing / post-
processing with request or response of the application. Filters are defined and applied on the
request before passing the request to actual target application. Filters can do the authentication/
authorization/ logging or tracking of request and then pass the requests to corresponding
handlers. Following are the entities of this type of design pattern.
 Filter - Filter which will perform certain task prior or after execution of request by
request handler.
 Filter Chain - Filter Chain carries multiple filters and help to execute them in defined
order on target.
 Target - Target object is the request handler
 Filter Manager - Filter Manager manages the filters and Filter Chain.
 Client - Client is the object who sends request to the Target object.
Implementation
We're going to create a FilterChain, FilterManager, Target, and Client as various objects
representing our entities.AuthenticationFilter and DebugFilter represents concrete filters.
InterceptingFilterDemo, our demo class will use Client to demonstrate Intercepting Filter Design
Pattern.
CHAPTER
32

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Filter interface.
Filter.java
public interface Filter {
public void execute(String request);
}
Step 2
Create concrete filters.
AuthenticationFilter.java
public class AuthenticationFilter implements Filter {
public void execute(String request){
System.out.println("Authenticating request: " + request);
}
}
DebugFilter.java
public class DebugFilter implements Filter {
System.out.println("request log: " + request);
}
}
Step 3
Create Target
Target.java
public class Target {
System.out.println("Executing request: " + request);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 4
Create Filter Chain
FilterChain.java
public class FilterChain {
private List<Filter> filters = new ArrayList<Filter>();
private Target target;
public void addFilter(Filter filter){
filters.add(filter);
}
for (Filter filter : filters) {
filter.execute(request);
}
target.execute(request);
}
public void setTarget(Target target){
this.target = target;
}
}
Step 5
Create Filter Manager
FilterManager.java
public class FilterManager {
FilterChain filterChain;
public FilterManager(Target target){
filterChain = new FilterChain();
filterChain.setTarget(target);
}
public void setFilter(Filter filter){
filterChain.addFilter(filter);
}
public void filterRequest(String request){
filterChain.execute(request);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 6
Create Client
Client.java
FilterManager filterManager;
public void setFilterManager(FilterManager filterManager){
this.filterManager = filterManager;
}
public void sendRequest(String request){
filterManager.filterRequest(request);
}
}
Step 7
Use the Client to demonstrate Intercepting Filter Design Pattern.
FrontControllerPatternDemo.java
public class InterceptingFilterDemo {
FilterManager filterManager = new FilterManager(new Target());
filterManager.setFilter(new AuthenticationFilter());
filterManager.setFilter(new DebugFilter());
Client client = new Client();
client.setFilterManager(filterManager);
client.sendRequest("HOME");
}
}
Step 8
Verify the output.
Authenticating request: HOME
request log: HOME
Executing request: HOME

TUTORIALS POINT
ServiceLocatorDesignPattern
This section describes service locator pattern and its implementation.
The service locator design pattern is used when we want to locate various services using
JNDI lookup. Considering high cost of looking up JNDI for a service, Service Locator pattern
makes use of caching technique.
For the first time a service is required, Service Locator looks up in JNDI and caches the service
object. Further lookup or same service via Service Locator is done in its cache which improves
the performance of application to great extent. Following are the entities of this type of design
pattern.
 Service - Actual Service which will process the request. Reference of such service is to
be looked upon in JNDI server.
 Context / Initial Context -JNDI Context, carries the reference to service used for
lookup purpose.
 Service Locator - Service Locator is a single point of contact to get services by JNDI
lookup, caching the services.
 Cache - Cache to store references of services to reuse them.
 Client - Client is the object who invokes the services via ServiceLocator.
Implementation
We're going to create a ServiceLocator, InitialContext, Cache, and Service as various objects
representing our entities.Service1 and Service2 represents concrete services.
ServiceLocatorPatternDemo, our demo class is acting as a client here and will
use ServiceLocator to demonstrate Service Locator Design Pattern.
CHAPTER
33

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Service interface.
Service.java
public interface Service {
public String getName();
public void execute();
}
Step 2
Create concrete services.
Service1.java
public class Service1 implements Service {
public void execute(){
System.out.println("Executing Service1");
}
@Override
return "Service1";
}
}
Service2.java
public class Service2 implements Service {
public void execute(){
System.out.println("Executing Service2");
}
@Override
return "Service2";
}
}
Step 3
Create InitialContext for JNDI lookup
InitialContext.java
public class InitialContext {
public Object lookup(String jndiName){
if(jndiName.equalsIgnoreCase("SERVICE1")){

TUTORIALS POINT
System.out.println("Looking up and creating a new Service1
object");
return new Service1();
}else if (jndiName.equalsIgnoreCase("SERVICE2")){
System.out.println("Looking up and creating a new Service2
object");
return new Service2();
}
return null;
}
}
Step 4
Create Cache
Cache.java
public class Cache {
private List<Service> services;
public Cache(){
services = new ArrayList<Service>();
}
public Service getService(String serviceName){
for (Service service : services) {
if(service.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(serviceName)){
System.out.println("Returning cached "+serviceName+"
object");
return service;
}
}
return null;
}
public void addService(Service newService){
boolean exists = false;
for (Service service : services) {
if(service.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(newService.getName())){
exists = true;
}
}
if(!exists){
services.add(newService);
}
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 5
Create Service Locator
ServiceLocator.java
public class ServiceLocator {
private static Cache cache;
static {
cache = new Cache();
}
public static Service getService(String jndiName){
Service service = cache.getService(jndiName);
if(service != null){
return service;
}
InitialContext context = new InitialContext();
Service service1 = (Service)context.lookup(jndiName);
cache.addService(service1);
return service1;
}
}
Step 6
Use the ServiceLocator to demonstrate Service Locator Design Pattern.
ServiceLocatorPatternDemo.java
public class ServiceLocatorPatternDemo {
Service service = ServiceLocator.getService("Service1");
service.execute();
service = ServiceLocator.getService("Service2");
service.execute();
service.execute();
service.execute();
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 7
Verify the output.
Looking up and creating a new Service1 object
Executing Service1
Looking up and creating a new Service2 object
Executing Service2
Returning cached Service1 object
Executing Service1
Returning cached Service2 object
Executing Service2

TUTORIALS POINT
TransferObjectDesignPattern
This section describes transfer object pattern and its implementation.
The Transfer Object pattern is used when we want to pass data with multiple attributes in one
shot from client to server. Transfer object is also known as Value Object. Transfer Object is a
simple POJO class having getter/setter methods and is serializable so that it can be transferred
over the network.
It does not have any behavior. Server Side business class normally fetches data from the
database and fills the POJO and send it to the client or pass it by value. For client, transfer
object is read-only. Client can create its own transfer object and pass it to server to update
values in database in one go. Following are the entities of this type of design pattern.
 Business Object - Business Service which fills the Transfer Object with data.
 Transfer Object -Simple POJO, having methods to set/get attributes only.
 Client - Client either requests or sends the Transfer Object to Business Object.
Implementation
We're going to create a StudentBO as Business Object, Student as Transfer Object representing
our entities.
TransferObjectPatternDemo, our demo class is acting as a client here and will
use StudentBO andStudent to demonstrate Transfer Object Design Pattern.
CHAPTER
34

TUTORIALS POINT
Class Diagram

TUTORIALS POINT
Steps
Step 1
Create Transfer Object.
StudentVO.java
public class StudentVO {
private int rollNo;
StudentVO(String name, int rollNo){
this.name = name;
}
return name;
}
this.name = name;
}
public int getRollNo() {
return rollNo;
}
public void setRollNo(int rollNo) {
}
}
Step 2
Create Business Object.
StudentBO.java
public class StudentBO {
//list is working as a database
List<StudentVO> students;
public StudentBO(){
students = new ArrayList<StudentVO>();
StudentVO student1 = new StudentVO("Robert",0);
StudentVO student2 = new StudentVO("John",1);
}

TUTORIALS POINT
public void deleteStudent(StudentVO student) {
students.remove(student.getRollNo());
System.out.println("Student: Roll No "
+ student.getRollNo() +", deleted from database");
}
//retrive list of students from the database
public List<StudentVO> getAllStudents() {
return students;
}
public StudentVO getStudent(int rollNo) {
return students.get(rollNo);
}
public void updateStudent(StudentVO student) {
students.get(student.getRollNo()).setName(student.getName());
System.out.println("Student: Roll No "
+ student.getRollNo() +", updated in the database");
}
}
Step 3
Use the StudentBO to demonstrate Transfer Object Design Pattern.
TransferObjectPatternDemo.java
public class TransferObjectPatternDemo {
StudentBO studentBusinessObject = new StudentBO();
//print all students
for (StudentVO student : studentBusinessObject.getAllStudents())
{
}
//update student
StudentVO student =studentBusinessObject.getAllStudents().get(0);
student.setName("Michael");
studentBusinessObject.updateStudent(student);
//get the student
studentBusinessObject.getStudent(0);
}
}

TUTORIALS POINT
Step 4
Verify the output.
Student: [RollNo : 0, Name : Robert ]
Student: [RollNo : 1, Name : John ]
Student: Roll No 0, updated in the database
Student: [RollNo : 0, Name : Michael ]

TUTORIALS POINT
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APPENDIX
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Java design pattern tutorial

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