Java
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This document provides an overview of Internet technologies and Java programming. It discusses the evolution of the Internet from early protocols like FTP and email to the development of the World Wide Web. Key Internet tools are explained including browsers, web servers, and HTML. Java is introduced as a portable, object-oriented programming language that allows software to be delivered via the web. The document outlines Java's core features and compares it to other languages. It also differentiates between Java applications and applets, and provides examples of basic Java code.
![Hello Internet
(c) Rajkumar
// hello.java: Hello Internet program
class HelloInternet
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Hello Internet”);
}
}
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![Types
(c) Rajkumar
Eight basic types
–
–
–
–
4 integers (byte, short, int, short) [ int a; ]
2 floating point (float, double) [ double a;]
1 character (char) [ char a; ]
1 boolean (boolean) [ boolean a; ]
Everything else is an object
– String s;
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![The first Java Application
(c) Rajkumar
class MyApp {
public static void main(String s [ ] ) {
System.out.println(“Hello World”);
}
} // end class MyApp
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![Arrays (are objects in Java)
(c) Rajkumar
declare
–
–
–
–
int a [ ] ;
int [ ] b ;
int [ ] c [ ];
int c [ ][];
// 1-dim
// 1-dim
// 2-dim
// 2-dim
allocate space
– a = new int [7];
– c = new int [7][11];
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![Arrays have length
(c) Rajkumar
used to retrieve the size of an array
– int a [ ] = new int [7];
// 1-dim
• System.out.println(a.length); will print ‘7’
– int b [ ] [ ] = new int [7] [11];
• System.out.println(a.length); will print ‘7’
• System.out.println(b.length * b[0].length); will
print ‘77’
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![… this is because
(c) Rajkumar
Let int [][][][] array = new int [7][11][10][21] , then …
array.length * array[3].length * array[3][5].length *
array[3][5][2].length is 7 x 11 x 10 x 21
78](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-78-320.jpg)
![this :: as “this” object, when passed as
parameter
(c) Rajkumar
refers to the object that used to call the calling
method
class MyApp {
int a;
public static void main(String [] s ) { (new MyApp()).myMethod(); }
public void myMethod() { yourMethod(this); }
public void yourMethod(MyApp inMyApp) { inMyApp.a = 77; }
}
85](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-85-320.jpg)
![static keyword (with
variables)
(c) Rajkumar
class PurchaseOrder {
private static int POCount; // var. ‘a’ is shared by all objects of this class
public static void main(String [] s ) {
PurchaseOrder po1 = new PurchaseOrder();
po1.updatePOCount();
}
public void updatePOCount() { POCount++; }
}
87](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-87-320.jpg)
![static keyword (w/
methods)
(c) Rajkumar
class Math {
public static double sqrt(double x) {
// calculate
return result;
}
}
class MyApp {
public static void main(String [] s ) {
double dd;
dd = Math.sqrt(7.11);
}
}
88](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-88-320.jpg)
![A sample GUI program
(c) Rajkumar
Import java.awt.*;
class MyGui {
public static void main(String [] s ) {
Frame f = new Frame (“My Frame”);
Button b = new Button(“OK”);
TextField tf = new TextField(“George”, 20);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
f.add(b);
f.add(tf);
f.setSize(300, 300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
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![Listener Interfaces
(c) Rajkumar
INTERFACE NAME (IN JAVA.AWT.EVENT )
[1]
ActionListener
[2]
ItemListener
[3]
MouseMotionListener
[4]
MouseListener
[5]
KeyListener
[6]
FocusListener
[7]
AdjustmentListener
[8]
ComponentListener
[9]
WindowListener
[10] ContainerListener
[11] TextListener
118](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-118-320.jpg)
![Implementing the ActionListener Interface
and attaching an event handler to a button
(c) Rajkumar
class MyApp implements ActionListener {
Button b = new Button(“OK”);
public static void main(String [] s ) {
(new MyApp()).go();
}
public void go() {
b.addActionListener( this );
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e ) {
// what to do when the button is clicked
if( e.getSource() == b )
{ System.out.println(“OK pressed"); }
}
}
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![Implementing 2 interfaces
(c) Rajkumar
class MyApp implements ActionListener, WindowListener {
Button b = new Button(“OK”);
Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”);
public static void main(String [] s ) {(new MyApp()).go(); }
public void
go() {
b.addActionListener( this );
f.addWindowListener( this );
}
public void
actionPerformed(ActionEvent e ) { … }
public void
windowActivated(WindowEvent e ) { … }
public void
windowClosed(WindowEvent e ) { … }
public void
windowClosing(WindowEvent e ) { … }
public void
windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) { … }
public void
windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) { … }
public void
windowIconified(WindowEvent e) { … }
public void
windowOpened(WindowEvent e) { … }
}
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![or … use Adapters
(c) Rajkumar
class MyApp extends WindowAdapter {
Button b = new Button(“OK”);
Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”);
public static void main(String [] s ) {(new MyApp()).go(); }
public void
go() {
f.addWindowListener( this );
}
public void
windowClosing(WindowEvent e ) { … }
}
Need only implement the method(s) that are required,
instead of all seven methods of the WindowListener
interface
124](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-124-320.jpg)
![However … can use inner classes instead !!!
(c) Rajkumar
class MyApp {
Button b = new Button(“OK”);
Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”);
public static void main(String [] s ) {
((new MyApp()).go(); }
public void go() {
f.addWindowListener( new FrameHandler() );
b.addMouseListener( new ButtonHandler() );
}
class ButtonHandler extends MouseAdapter {
public void mousePressed (MouseEvent e ) { … }
}
class FrameHandler extends WindowAdapter {
public void windowClosing (WindowEvent e ) { … }
}
}
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![Popup Menu and Event Handling
(c) Rajkumar
public void mouseReleased( MouseEvent e )
{ System.out.print("Mouse Releasedn" ); }
public void mouseEntered( MouseEvent e )
{ System.out.print("Mouse Enteredn" );
}
public void mouseExited( MouseEvent e )
{
System.out.print("Mouse Exitedn" );
}
public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )
{
if( e.getSource() == menuitem1 )
{ text1.setText("CPU"); }
if( e.getSource() == menuitem2 )
{ text1.setText("Disk"); }
if( e.getSource() == menuitem3 )
{ text1.setText("Memory"); }
}
public static void main( String args[] )
{
popup p = new popup();
}
}
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![An example
(c) Rajkumar
class MyThread extends Thread {
// the thread
public void run() {
System.out.println(" this thread is running ... ");
}
} // end class MyThread
class ThreadEx2 {
// a program that utilizes the thread
public static void main(String [] args ) {
// note, the created object myThreadObject IS A Thread as well.
MyThread t = new MyThread();
// due to extending the Thread class (above)
// I can call start(), and this will call
// run(). start() is a method in class Thread.
t.start();
} // end main()
}
// end class ThreadEx2
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![An example
(c) Rajkumar
class MyThread implements Runnable {
public void run() {
System.out.println(" this thread is running ... ");
}
} // end class MyThread
class ThreadEx21 {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Thread t = new Thread(new MyThread());
// due to implementing the Runnable interface
// I can call start(), and this will call run().
t.start();
} // end main()
}
// end class ThreadEx2
154](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-154-320.jpg)
![A program with two threads
(c) Rajkumar
class MyThread implements Runnable {
public void run() { System.out.println("This is 'MyThread' ); }
}
class YourThread implements Runnable {
public void run() { System.out.println("This is 'YourThread'); }
}
class ThreadEx4 {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread());
Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread());
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
// end class ThreadEx4
155](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-155-320.jpg)
![the monitor (shared object)
class Shared { // the 'monitor'
(c) Rajkumar
// if 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable
public synchronized void method1( ) {
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) { System.out.print(" [1] :: " +
i);}
}
// if the 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable
public synchronized void method2( ) {
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) { System.out.print(" [2] :: " +
i); }
}
// if the 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable
public synchronized void method3( ) {
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) { System.out.print(" [3] :: " + i ) ; }
}
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![the driver
(c) Rajkumar
class MyMainClass {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Shared sharedObject = new Shared ();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread(sharedObject));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread(sharedObject));
Thread t3 = new Thread(new HerThread(sharedObject));
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
} // end main()
}
// end class ThreadEx5
159](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-159-320.jpg)
![Threads in Action...
Cooperative threads - File Copy
(c) Rajkumar
reader()
reader()
{{
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --lock(buff[i]);
lock(buff[i]);
read(src,buff[i]);
read(src,buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]);
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --}}
buff[0]
buff[0]
buff[1]
buff[1]
writer()
writer()
{{
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -lock(buff[i]);
lock(buff[i]);
write(src,buff[i]);
write(src,buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]);
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -}}
Cooperative Parallel Synchronized
Cooperative Parallel Synchronized
Threads
Threads
160](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-160-320.jpg)
![Display File Contents
(c) Rajkumar
import java.io.*;
public class FileToOut1 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileInputStream infile = new FileInputStream("testfile.txt");
byte buffer[] = new byte[50];
int nBytesRead;
do {
nBytesRead = infile.read(buffer);
System.out.write(buffer, 0, nBytesRead);
} while (nBytesRead == buffer.length);
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("File not found");
}
catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read failed"); }
}
}
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![Writing data to a file using Filters
(c) Rajkumar
import java.io.*;
public class GenerateData {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("stuff.dat");
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(fos);
dos.writeInt(2);
dos.writeDouble(2.7182818284590451);
dos.writeDouble(3.1415926535);
dos.close(); fos.close();
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("File not found");
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Read or write failed");
}
}
}
165](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-165-320.jpg)
![Reading data from a file using
filters
(c) Rajkumar
import java.io.*;
public class ReadData {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("stuff.dat");
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(fis);
int n = dis.readInt();
System.out.println(n);
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) { System.out.println(dis.readDouble());
}
dis.close(); fis.close();
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("File not found");
}
catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read or write failed");
}
}
}
166](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-166-320.jpg)
![Write an object to a file
(c) Rajkumar
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class WriteDate {
public WriteDate () {
Date d = new Date();
try {
FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("date.ser");
ObjectOutputStream s = new ObjectOutputStream (f);
s.writeObject (d);
s.close ();
}
catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
public static void main (String args[]) {
new WriteDate ();
}
}
168](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-168-320.jpg)
![Read an object from a file
(c) Rajkumar
import java.util.*;
public class ReadDate {
public ReadDate () {
Date d = null;
ObjectInputStream s = null;
try { FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream ("date.ser");
s = new ObjectInputStream (f);
} catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
try { d = (Date)s.readObject (); }
catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (InvalidClassException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (StreamCorruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (OptionalDataException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
System.out.println ("Date serialized at: "+ d);
}
public static void main (String args[]) { new ReadDate (); }
}
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![A simple server (simplified code)
(c) Rajkumar
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ASimpleServer {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// Register service on port 1234
ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(1234);
Socket s1=s.accept(); // Wait and accept a connection
// Get a communication stream associated with the socket
OutputStream s1out = s1.getOutputStream();
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream (s1out);
// Send a string!
dos.writeUTF(“Hi there”);
// Close the connection, but not the server socket
dos.close();
s1out.close();
s1.close();
}
175
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![A simple client (simplified code)
(c) Rajkumar
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class SimpleClient {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
// Open your connection to a server, at port 1234
Socket s1 = new Socket("130.63.122.1",1234);
// Get an input file handle from the socket and read the input
InputStream s1In = s1.getInputStream();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(s1In);
String st = new String (dis.readUTF());
System.out.println(st);
// When done, just close the connection and exit
dis.close();
s1In.close();
s1.close();
}
}
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![Echo Server Client..
(c) Rajkumar
//client.java: client interface to server
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class client
{
int port_id;
String server; Socket slink;
DataOutputStream os;
DataInputStream is;
DataInputStream kbd;
public client( String args[] )
{
server = args[0];
port_id = Integer.valueOf(args[1]).intValue();
try
{
slink = new Socket( server, port_id );
os = new DataOutputStream( slink.getOutputStream() );
is = new DataInputStream( slink.getInputStream() );
kbd = new DataInputStream( System.in );
}
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![Echo Server Client..
if( line.equals("end") )
(c) Rajkumar {
os.close(); is.close(); slink.close();
break;
}
String line2 = is.readLine();
System.out.println("Output: "+line2);
}
catch( IOException e )
{
System.out.println(e); }
}
}
public static void main( String [] args )
{
if( args.length < 2 )
{
System.out.println("Usage: java client server_name port_id" );
System.exit(1);
}
client cln = new client( args );
cln.communicate();
}
179](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-179-320.jpg)
![Echo Server ...
(c) Rajkumar
// server.java: echo server
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class server
{
// public final static int PORT = 4779;
public static void main( String [] args )
{
ServerSocket server = null;
DataOutputStream os = null;
DataInputStream is = null;
boolean shutdown = false;
if( args.length < 1 )
{
System.out.println( "Usage: java server port_num" );
System.exit( 1 );
}
int PORT = Integer.valueOf(args[0]).intValue();
try {
server = new ServerSocket( PORT );
}
180](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-180-320.jpg)
![Echo Server ...
(c) Rajkumar if( line.startsWith("end" ) )
{
shutdown = true;
break;
}
os.writeBytes(line.toUpperCase());
os.writeBytes("n");
System.out.println(line);
}
is.close(); client.close();
}
catch( UnknownHostException e )
{
System.err.println( "Server Open fails" );
}
catch( IOException e )
{
System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to:"+args[0]);
}
}
}
182](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/javae-140222054312-phpapp01/85/Java-182-320.jpg)
Java
- 1. Internet and Java Foundations, Programming and Practice (c) Rajkumar Rajkumar Buyya School of Computer Science and Software Engineering Monash University Melbourne, Australia Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.dgs.monash.edu.au/~rajkumar 1
- 2. Agenda (c) Rajkumar Internet and its Evolution Internet Tools Web and its Programming Java for Internet Programming Java Nuts and Bolts Java Platform Developing Applets and Applications Challenges and Future Directions 2
- 3. What is the Internet ? (c) Rajkumar •It is a global network of computers that communicate with each other using a variety of protocols and overcoming various communication barriers. •It is like International Telephone System 3
- 4. Internet Technology Evolution (c) Rajkumar Internet is much bigger than what we think More than 25 years old More than doubling every year Technology effect suddenly every body sees the need for a technology like the radio or the TV 10 terabytes flows everyday 4
- 5. Internet (c) Rajkumar Use of internet advertisement/elections/newspapers information is public Ubiquitous technology Network is the computer Intranets - internal TCP/IP nets PC accounts for 55% of total IT Applications tied to platform - API lock-in 5
- 6. Internet Evolution (c) Rajkumar File & mail TCP/IP Webpages Netscape 10% of Market On line connects to internet Secure payments Multi media Authoring Java VRML HTML 20% of Market Internet everywhere Internet appliances Price based services Live communities ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Total Market 6
- 7. Early Internet (c) Rajkumar • • • • • • Early Internet supported only email . File Transfer Protocol development - ftp sites. Network News was added to the Internet. Archie - A program to canvass anonymous ftp sites and create a database of what is available Gopher- A menu-driven interface used to search for information. Archie and Gopher could answer questions only like ‘what FTP server contains info about “xxxx” ‘ 7
- 8. World Wide Web (c) Rajkumar • • • • • World Wide Web conceptualized by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland Concept of Hypertext led to the development of the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Tim Berners-Lee proposed the ‘Browser’ program Scientists at CERN designed a TCP/IP based protocol to share Hypertext information called HTTP. WWW officially is described as a” Wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents. 8
- 9. HTML (c) Rajkumar Hypertext -A little Hype and a Little Text. Hypertext point to information which can be local or remotely located. HTML -Derivative of the SGML( Standard Generalized Markup Language). HTML -information , commands for the Browser for formatting documents. HTML -The de-facto language for publishing on the Internet. Hypermedia- Hyper-links to Multimedia. 9
- 10. Internet Tools (c) Rajkumar • • • • • • Browsers- A tool used to view documents on the WWW Web servers - Machines which run the HTTP-server Software that respond to HTTP requests which it receives Authoring Tools - Editors specially made for editing HTML documents Filters -Tools to convert legacy documents to HTML format Scripting -Languages used for scripting WAIS- Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) for indexing and doing full text searches 10
- 11. How does the Web work ? (c) Rajkumar Web -Designed around Client/Server Architecture Web Clients ( Web Browsers ) -send requests for documents to any Web Server Web Server -Program that responds to HTTP requests Hyperlink Web client connects to the specified Web Server The server responds by sending the information asked for The Browser formats the received HTML data and displays it 11
- 12. How does the Web Work (c) Rajkumar Send the “INFORMATION ABOUT C-DAC ACTS” Send the “INFORMATION ABOUT C-DAC ACTS” HTTP The client sends an HTTP message to aacomputer The client sends an HTTP message to computer running aaWeb Server program and asks for aadocument running Web Server program and asks for document The information about C-DAC ACTS The web server sends the hypermedia HTML documents to the client. The web server sends the hypermedia HTML documents to the client. You end up seeing the document on your screen You end up seeing the document on your screen 12
- 13. HTML document (c) Rajkumar <HTML> <TITLE>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing </TITLE> <BODY BGCOLOR=“#E7CCCC” TEXT=“#000000” LINK=“#0000FF”> ... ... <A HREF=“mailto:[email protected]> webmaster</A> </BODY> </HTML> 13
- 14. (c) Rajkumar 14
- 15. URLs (c) Rajkumar URLs- The Hypertext links we use today are known as Universal Resource Locator URLs-Each name is unique across the Internet An URL looks like this http://system.domain.ext:999/dir1/dir2/dir3/file.html?blue# Parts of a URL are, Service type, System Name, Port, Directory path, Filename,Search Components or Variables Service type, System Name, Directory path are the required parts of the URL 15
- 16. CGI (Common Gateway Interface) (c) Rajkumar CGI makes the Web a Two-way interface CGI -lets the user run a script when a web page is accessed Information from the Web Client is received through simple ‘fill-in-the-forms’ kind of interface FORMS - Integrates data sheets, menus , check boxes CGI makes the Web interactive CGI -complicated to setup ,requires PERL knowledge HTML books talk less about CGI 16
- 17. Authoring tools and Filters (c) Rajkumar Authoring tools- Editors for HTML documents Editors similar to WYSIWYG word processing programs Semi-WYSIWYG or completely WYSIWYG Provide syntax checking and correction Filters -Convert legacy documents to HTML format Filters are useful when the documents already exist Authoring tools- HoTMetaL, HTML Assistant -Shareware 17
- 18. Preconfigured v/s Integrated Internet Products (c) Rajkumar Integrated Internet Products- From multiple vendors Preconfigured Systems- Web Server and a Client ready to use Sun’s Netra Internet Server SGI’s WebFORCE Indy and WebFORCE Challenge S Apple’s Internet Server Solution DEC’s Internet AlphaServer Integraph’s Web Server 10 18
- 19. Future Directions (c) Rajkumar Additions to HTML (Grammar, Maths, Display control) VRML (Virtual Reality Markup Language) Security - Using Scrambling and Encryption Common Client Interface (CCI)- Allows Clients to pass information back and forth between the Browser and the External Viewer Charge Mechanisms Performance Enhancements- Sending a page and graphics for that page in one connection 19
- 20. Interesting URLs (c) Rajkumar http://www.whitehouse.gov ( The WhiteHouse) http://www.w3.org (Everything about the WWW) http://sunsite.unc.edu (Software on Sun) http://www.indnet.org (India Net Foundation Services) telnet://www.arbornet.org (Free Public Access Unix System) http://www.infoseek.com (Search engines, Add URL) http://www.infophil.com (World Alumni on the net) http://www.rocketmail.com (Free Email ) http://members.tripod.com (Free Website,2MB space) http://www.bangaloreonline.com (Offers virtual web servvices for compinies to host their website). http://www.prajavani.com (Kannada news paper on web) 20
- 22. The OS - Platform lock (c) Rajkumar lic a tio n Ap p Ap p lic a Application OS tied to Platform tio n Applications tied to OS OS Application Application 22
- 23. The Web Ap p lic a * Seeded by HTML from CERN * Revolutionised by MOSAIC * Standardised, universal interface Ap to data pli ca tio n * Graphical tio n Application (c) Rajkumar BROWSER OS Application OS OS OS Application * Broadcast capability publish once, reach millions 23
- 24. Making life easier! (c) Rajkumar Data on the web Browser platform independent Click on application - run on any machine Java the programming language of the 21 century 24
- 25. Java and Java Computing (c) Rajkumar 25
- 26. Java - An Introduction (c) Rajkumar Java - The new programming language from Sun Microsystems Java -Allows anyone to publish a web page with Java code in it Java - CPU Independent language Created for consumer electronics Java - James , Arthur Van , and others Java -The name that survived a patent search Oak -The predecessor of Java Java is “C++ -- ++ “ 26
- 27. Java From 10,000 Ft. (c) Rajkumar According to the world, Java is... According to Sun, Java is... On closer inspection, Java is 27
- 28. According to the World, Java Is... (c) Rajkumar Snazzy Web pages The cross-platform language we want The rest-of-the-worlds answer to Bill The C++ replacement we need The C++ replacement we dont need A bunch of hype 28
- 29. According to Sun, Java is... (c) Rajkumar Simple and Powerful Object Oriented Portable Architecture Neutral Distributed Multi-threaded Robust, Secure/Safe Interpreted High Performance Dynamic pogramming language/platform. Buzzword compliant! 29
- 30. On Closer Inspection, Java is... (c) Rajkumar Simple Pure Portable Surprisingly effective 30
- 31. As a whole, Java is a Comprehensive Programming Solution (c) Rajkumar Object Oriented Portable High Performance Geared for Distributed Environments Secure 31
- 32. Java as Object Oriented (c) Rajkumar “Objects all the way down” Simple and Familiar: “C++ Lite” No Pointers! Garbage Collector Dynamic Binding Single Inheritance with “Interfaces” 32
- 33. Java as Portable (c) Rajkumar Unlike other language compilers, Java complier generates code (byte codes) for Universal Machine. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): Interprets bytecodes at runtime Architecture Neutral No Link Phase Higher Level Portable Features: AWT, Unicode 33
- 34. Total Platform Independence (c) Rajkumar JAVA COMPILER (translator) JAVA BYTE CODE (same for all platforms) JAVA INTERPRETER (one for each different system) Windows 95 Macintosh Solaris Windows NT 34
- 35. (c) Rajkumar Java Write Once, Run Anywhere 35
- 36. Architecture Neutral & Portable (c) Rajkumar Java Compiler -Java source code to bytecode Bytecode - an intermediate form, closer to machine representation A virtual machine on any target platform interprets the bytecode Porting the java system to any new platform involves writing an interpreter that supports the Java Virtual Machine The interpreter will figure out what the equivalent machine dependent code to run 36
- 37. Java as High Performance (c) Rajkumar JVM uses “lean and mean” bytecodes Small binary class filtes Just-in-time Compilers Multithreading Native Methods 37
- 38. Java in the World of Distributed Computing (c) Rajkumar Class Loader Lightweight Binary Class Files Multithreading Dynamic Good communication constructs Secure 38
- 39. Java as Secure (c) Rajkumar Language designed as safe Strict compiler Dynamic Runtime Loading (Verifier) Runtime Security Manager 39
- 40. Object Oriented Languages -a Comparison (c) Rajkumar Feature Encapsulation Inheritance Multiple Inherit. Polymorphism Binding (Early/Late) Concurrency Garbage Collection Genericity Class Libraries C++ Yes Yes Yes Yes Both Poor No Yes Yes Objective C Ada Java Yes Yes Yes Yes Both Poor Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Early Difficult No Yes Limited Yes Yes No Yes Late Yes Yes No Yes 40
- 41. Java better than C++ ? (c) Rajkumar No Typedefs, Defines, or Preprocessor No Global Variables No Goto statements No Pointers No Unsafe Structures No Multiple Inheritance No Operator Overloading No Automatic Coercions No Fragile Data Types ? 41
- 42. Basic Data Types (c) Rajkumar Types boolean either true of false char 16 bit Unicode 1.1 byte 8-bit integer (signed) short 16-bit integer (signed) int 32-bit integer (signed) long 64-bit integer (singed) float 32-bit floating point (IEEE 754-1985) double 64-bit floating point (IEEE 754-1985) String (class for manipulating strings) Java uses Unicode to represent characters internally 42
- 43. (c) Rajkumar Java Integrates Power of Compiled Languages and Flexibility of Interpreted Languages 43
- 44. Two Types of JavaApplications (c) Rajkumar Different ways to write/run a Java codes are: Application- A stand-alone program that can be invoked from command line . A program that has a “main” method main Applet- A program embedded in a web page , to be run when the page is browsed . A program that contains no “main” method Application -Java interpreter Applets- Java enabled web browser (Linked to HTML via <APPLET> tag. in html file) 44
- 45. Java Environment/ Life Cycle of Java Code Runtime Environment (c) Rajkumar Compile-time Environment Bytecode Verifier Java Source (.java) Java Compiler Class Loader Java Bytecodes move locally or through network Java Interpreter Just in Time Compiler Java Class Libraries Java Virtual machine Runtime System Java Bytecode (.class ) Operating System Hardware 45
- 46. Java Development Kit (c) Rajkumar javac - The Java Compiler java - The Java Interpreter jdb- The Java Debugger appletviewer -Tool to run the applets javap - to print the Java bytecodes javaprof - Java profiler javadoc - documentation generator javah - creates C header files 46
- 47. Hello Internet (c) Rajkumar // hello.java: Hello Internet program class HelloInternet { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println(“Hello Internet”); } } 47
- 48. Program Processing (c) Rajkumar Compilation # javac hello.java results in HelloInternet.class Execution # java HelloInternet Hello Internet # 48
- 49. Simple Java Applet (c) Rajkumar // HelloWorld.java: A sample applet import java.applet.Applet; public class HelloWorld extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString(“Hello World !”,25,25); } } 49
- 50. Calling an Applet (c) Rajkumar <HTML> <TITLE> Hello Worls Applet </TITLE> <APPLET code=“HelloWorld.class” width=500 height=500> </APPLET> </HTML> 50
- 51. Execution of Applets (c) Rajkumar 1 APPLET Development “hello.java” AT CDAC-India Hello Java 2 4 3 hello.class AT C-DAC’S WEB SERVER <app= “Hello”> Create Applet tag in HTML document Accessing from CRAY Corp. (USA) The Internet 5 The browser creates a new window and a new thread and then runs the code Hello 51
- 52. Web Perspective (c) Rajkumar How did Web interactions work? How do they work with Java? Distributed Java objects and the Web 52
- 53. Classical Web Perspective (c) Rajkumar 53
- 54. Java Web Perspective (c) Rajkumar 54
- 55. Significance of downloading Applets (c) Rajkumar Interactive WWW Flashy animation instead of static web pages Applets react to users input and dynamically change Display of dynamic data WWW with Java - more than a document publishing medium http://www.javasoft.com/applets/alpha/applets/StockDemo/standal one.html 55
- 56. Power of Java and the Web (c) Rajkumar Deliver applications, not just information Eliminate porting Eliminate end-user installation Slash software distribution costs Reach millions of customers - instantly 56
- 57. Lifecycle of Java Code (c) Rajkumar 57
- 58. Bytecode Verifier (c) Rajkumar Called when class is first loaded in runtime environment Verifies bytecodes meet certain set of properties Verifier uses Theorem Prover Verified code runs faster After verification, interpreter defines memory layout 58
- 59. Class Loader (c) Rajkumar Unique “Namespace” for each origin Local namespace classes are called “built-ins” Prevents class “spoofing” 59
- 60. Security Manager (c) Rajkumar Prevents unauthorized disk read/writes Restricts network access Other access restrictions (native methods) Implementation is browser dependent 60
- 61. General Language Features (c) Rajkumar C/C++ like syntax No pointers Objects all the way down Objects request services of other objects through messages Messages result in invocation of class methods 61
- 62. Removed From C++ (c) Rajkumar Operator overloading Pointers and Array/pointers Multiple-inheritance of implementation Enum, typedef, #define Copy constructors, destructors Templates And other stuff.... 62
- 63. Added or Improved over C++ (c) Rajkumar Interfaces: type Vs. class Garbage collection Exceptions (More powerful than C++) Strings Instanceof Package Multi-threads 63
- 64. Rich Object Environment (c) Rajkumar Core Classes language Utilities Input/Output Low-Level Networking Abstract Graphical User Interface Internet Classes TCP/IP Networking WWW and HTML Distributed Programs 64
- 66. (c) Rajkumar Java Fundamentals Constructs Graphics Multithreading Streams and Networking Networking 66
- 67. Unit I--Java Constructs (c) Rajkumar what is Java, basic constructs, including – – – – – – – classes and objects constructors, this and super keywords, inheritance, abstract classes, interfaces, inner classes, exceptions. 67
- 68. Unit II--Graphics Programming (c) Rajkumar How to build Graphical User Interfaces in Java: – GUI components, – event handling, – layout management. 68
- 69. Unit III--Advanced Features (c) Rajkumar Applets, Threads, Streams I/O, Networking 69
- 70. Unit I -- What is Java ? (c) Rajkumar A programming language: – Object oriented (no friends, all functions are members of classes, no function libraries -- just class libraries) – simple (no pointer arithmetic, no need for programmer to deallocate memory) – platform independent – dynamic – interpreted 70
- 71. Types (c) Rajkumar Eight basic types – – – – 4 integers (byte, short, int, short) [ int a; ] 2 floating point (float, double) [ double a;] 1 character (char) [ char a; ] 1 boolean (boolean) [ boolean a; ] Everything else is an object – String s; 71
- 72. Classes and objects (c) Rajkumar declaring a class class MyClass { member variables; … member functions () ; … } // end class MyClass 72
- 73. Java programs (c) Rajkumar Two kinds – Applications • have main() • run from the OS prompt – Applets • have init(), start(), stop(), paint(), update(), repaint(), destroy() • run from within a web page 73
- 74. The first Java Application (c) Rajkumar class MyApp { public static void main(String s [ ] ) { System.out.println(“Hello World”); } } // end class MyApp 74
- 75. Declaring and creating objects (c) Rajkumar declare a reference – String s; create/define an object – s = new String (“India”); India 75
- 76. Arrays (are objects in Java) (c) Rajkumar declare – – – – int a [ ] ; int [ ] b ; int [ ] c [ ]; int c [ ][]; // 1-dim // 1-dim // 2-dim // 2-dim allocate space – a = new int [7]; – c = new int [7][11]; 76
- 77. Arrays have length (c) Rajkumar used to retrieve the size of an array – int a [ ] = new int [7]; // 1-dim • System.out.println(a.length); will print ‘7’ – int b [ ] [ ] = new int [7] [11]; • System.out.println(a.length); will print ‘7’ • System.out.println(b.length * b[0].length); will print ‘77’ 77
- 78. … this is because (c) Rajkumar Let int [][][][] array = new int [7][11][10][21] , then … array.length * array[3].length * array[3][5].length * array[3][5][2].length is 7 x 11 x 10 x 21 78
- 79. … this is because (c) Rajkumar 79
- 80. Constructors (c) Rajkumar All objects are created through constructors They are invoked automatically class Weight { int lb; int oz; public Weight (int a, int b ) { lb = a; oz = b; } } 80
- 81. this keyword (c) Rajkumar refers to “this” object (object in which it is used) usage: – with an instance variable or method of “this” class – as a function inside a constructor of “this” class – as “this” object, when passed as parameter 81
- 82. this :: with a variable (c) Rajkumar refers to “this” object’s data member class Weight { int lb; int oz; public Weight (int lb, int oz ) { this.lb = lb; this.oz = oz; } } 82
- 83. this :: with a method (c) Rajkumar refers to another method of “this” class class Weight { public int m1 (int a) { int x = this.m2(a); return x; } public int m2(int b) { return b*7 ; } } 83
- 84. this :: as a function inside a constructor of “this” class (c) Rajkumar must be used with a constructor class Weight { int lb, oz; public Weight (int a, int b) { lb = a; oz = b; } } public Weight (int x) { this( x, 0); } } Constructor is also overloaded (Java allows overloading of all methods, including constructors) 84
- 85. this :: as “this” object, when passed as parameter (c) Rajkumar refers to the object that used to call the calling method class MyApp { int a; public static void main(String [] s ) { (new MyApp()).myMethod(); } public void myMethod() { yourMethod(this); } public void yourMethod(MyApp inMyApp) { inMyApp.a = 77; } } 85
- 86. static keyword (c) Rajkumar means “global”--all all objects refer to the same storage. applies to variables or methods” usage: – with an instance variable of a class – with a method of a class 86
- 87. static keyword (with variables) (c) Rajkumar class PurchaseOrder { private static int POCount; // var. ‘a’ is shared by all objects of this class public static void main(String [] s ) { PurchaseOrder po1 = new PurchaseOrder(); po1.updatePOCount(); } public void updatePOCount() { POCount++; } } 87
- 88. static keyword (w/ methods) (c) Rajkumar class Math { public static double sqrt(double x) { // calculate return result; } } class MyApp { public static void main(String [] s ) { double dd; dd = Math.sqrt(7.11); } } 88
- 89. Inheritance (subclassing) (c) Rajkumar class Employee { protected String name; protected double salary; public void raise(double dd) { salary += salary * dd/100; } public Employee ( … ) { … } } 89
- 90. Manager can be made a sub/derived-class of Employee (c) Rajkumar class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public void setBonus(double bb) { bonus = salary * bb/100; } public Manager ( … ) { … } } 90
- 91. Overriding (methods) (c) Rajkumar class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public void setBonus(double bb) { …} public void raise(double dd) { salary += salary * dd/100 + bonus; } public Manager ( … ) { … } } 91
- 92. Inheritance and Constructors (c) Rajkumar class First { public First() { System.out.println(“ First class “); } } public class Second extends First { public Second() { System.out.println(“Second class”); } } public class Third extends Second { public Third() {System.out.println(“Third class”);} } First class Second class Third class Topmost class constructor is invoked first (like us …grandparent-->parent-->child->) 92
- 93. access modifiers (c) Rajkumar private – same class only public – everywhere protected – same class, same package, any subclass (default) – same class, same package 93
- 94. super keyword (c) Rajkumar refers to the superclass (base class) usage: – with a variable or method (most common with a method) – as a function inside a constructor of the subclass 94
- 95. super :: with a method (c) Rajkumar class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public void setBonus(double bb) { …} public void raise(double dd) { Employee //overrides raise() of super.raise(dd); // call Employee’s raise() salary += bonus; } public Manager ( … ) { … } } 95
- 96. super :: as a function inside a constructor of the subclass (c) Rajkumar class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public void setBonus(double bb) { …} public Manager ( String name, double salary, double bonus ) { super(name, salary); this.bonus = bonus; } } 96
- 97. final keyword (c) Rajkumar means “constant” applies to – variables (makes a var. constant), or – methods (makes a method nonoverridable), or – classes (makes a class non-subclassable means “objects cannot be created”). 97
- 98. final keyword with a variable (c) Rajkumar class Math { public final double pi = 3.1412; public static double method(double x) { double x = pi * pi; } } note: variable pi is made “read-only” 98
- 99. final keyword with a method (c) Rajkumar class Employee { protected String name; protected double salary; public final void raise(double dd) { salary += salary * dd/100; } public Employee ( … ) { … } } then: cannot ovveride method raise() inside the Manager class 99
- 100. final keyword with a class (c) Rajkumar final class Employee { protected String name; protected double salary; public void raise(double dd) { salary += salary * dd/100; } public Employee ( … ) { … } } then: cannot create class Manager as a subclass of class Employee (all are equal) 100
- 101. abstract classes and interfaces (c) Rajkumar abstract classes – may have both implemented and nonimplemented methods interfaces – have only non-implemented methods (concrete classes) – have all their methods implemented 101
- 102. sample abstract class (c) Rajkumar abstract class TwoDimensionalGeoFigure { public abstract double area(); public abstract double perimeter(); public abstract void printInfo(); public void setOutlineColor(Color cc) { // code to set the color } public void setInsideColor(Color cc) { // code to set the color } } 102
- 103. sample interface (c) Rajkumar interface ResponceToMouseClick { public void mouseDown(); public void mouseUp(); public void mouseDoubleClick(); } class ConcreteMouseClick implements ResponseToMouse Click { // all above methods implemented here } 103
- 104. Exceptions (error handling) (c) Rajkumar A nice way to handle errors in Java programs code without exceptions: ... int a = 7, b = 0, result; if ( b != 0) { result = a/b; } else { System.out.println(“b is zero”); } ... code with exceptions: ... int a = 7, b = 0, result; try { result = a/b; } catch (ArithmeticException e ) { System.out.println(“b is zero”); } ... 104
- 105. Exceptions (cont’d) (c) Rajkumar ... int a = 7, b = 0, result; try { result = a/b; /// more code .. reading from a file } catch (ArithmeticException e ) { System.out.println(“b is zero”); } catch (IOException e ) { System.out.println(“Can’t read”); } finally { Sysytem.out.println(“Closing file”); /// code to close file } ... 105
- 106. methods throwing exceptions (c) Rajkumar public int divide (int x, int y ) throws ArithmeticException { if (y == 0 ) { throw new ArithmeticException(); } else { return a/b ; } } // end divide() 106
- 107. Defining your own exceptions (c) Rajkumar class MyException extends ArithmeticException {}frm public int divide (int x, int y ) throws MyException { if (y == 0 ) { throw new MyException(); } else { return a/b ; } } // end divide() 107
- 108. (c) Rajkumar GUI Programming in Java (AWT and Event Handling) 108
- 109. AWT - Abstract Windowing Toolkit (c) Rajkumar Single Windowing Interface on Multiple Platforms Supports functions common to all window systems Uses Underlying Native Window system AWT provides GUI widgets Event Handling Containers for widgets Layout managers Graphic operations 109
- 110. AWT - Abstract Window Toolkit (c) Rajkumar Portable GUI - preserves native look & feel Standard GUI Components (buttons…) Containers - Panels, Frames, Dialogs Graphics class for custom drawing Layouts responsible for actual positioning of components: BorderLayout, GridLayout, FlowLayout, null layoit 110
- 111. Adding Components via Layouts (c) Rajkumar setLayout(new BorderLayout()); // Add text field to top add("North",new TextField()); // Create the panel with buttons at the bottom... Panel p = new Panel(); // FlowLayout p.add(new Button("OK")); p.add(new Button("Cancel")); add("South",p); 111
- 112. Adding Components via Layouts (c) Rajkumar 112
- 113. Building Graphical User Interfaces (c) Rajkumar import java.awt.*; Assemble the GUI – use GUI components, • basic components (e.g., Button, TextField) • containers (Frame, Panel) – set the positioning of the components • use Layout Managers Attach events 113
- 114. A sample GUI program (c) Rajkumar Import java.awt.*; class MyGui { public static void main(String [] s ) { Frame f = new Frame (“My Frame”); Button b = new Button(“OK”); TextField tf = new TextField(“George”, 20); f.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); f.add(b); f.add(tf); f.setSize(300, 300); f.setVisible(true); } } 114
- 116. Events (c) Rajkumar b.addActionListener( Button ); method to add a listener listener object Frame f.addWindowListener( ); 116
- 117. Events (c) Rajkumar Each GUI component (e.g., a Button) that wishes to respond to an event type (e.g., click), must register an event handler, called a Listener. The listener is an object of a "Listener" interface. A Listener class can be created by subclassing (through "implements") one of Listener interfaces (all listener inrefaces are in the java.awt.event package = > must import java.awt.event.*; ) The registration of the listener is done by a call to a method such as addActionListener(<Listener Object>). Each GUI component class has one or more such add… () methods, where applicable. 117
- 118. Listener Interfaces (c) Rajkumar INTERFACE NAME (IN JAVA.AWT.EVENT ) [1] ActionListener [2] ItemListener [3] MouseMotionListener [4] MouseListener [5] KeyListener [6] FocusListener [7] AdjustmentListener [8] ComponentListener [9] WindowListener [10] ContainerListener [11] TextListener 118
- 119. Listener Interfaces (c) Rajkumar Each listener interface has methods that need to be implemented for handling different kinds of events. For example, the MouseMotionListener interface has two methods: 1) mouseDragged(MouseEvent) - Invoked when a mouse button is pressed on a component and then dragged. 2) mouseMoved(MouseEvent) - Invoked when the mouse button has been moved on a component (with no buttons down). 119
- 120. ... the WindowListener interface has seven methods: (c) Rajkumar 1) windowActivated(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is activated. 2) windowClosed(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window has been closed. 3) windowClosing(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is in the process of being closed. 4) windowDeactivated(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is de-activated. 5) windowDeiconified(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is de-iconified. 6) windowIconified(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is iconified. 7) windowOpened(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window has been opened. 120
- 121. How to create an object of a listener interface ? (c) Rajkumar Interfaces cannot be instantiated. Therefore, cannot do new WindowListener(); Instead, have to subclass the interface and then create object of the subclass 121
- 122. Implementing the ActionListener Interface and attaching an event handler to a button (c) Rajkumar class MyApp implements ActionListener { Button b = new Button(“OK”); public static void main(String [] s ) { (new MyApp()).go(); } public void go() { b.addActionListener( this ); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e ) { // what to do when the button is clicked if( e.getSource() == b ) { System.out.println(“OK pressed"); } } } 122
- 123. Implementing 2 interfaces (c) Rajkumar class MyApp implements ActionListener, WindowListener { Button b = new Button(“OK”); Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”); public static void main(String [] s ) {(new MyApp()).go(); } public void go() { b.addActionListener( this ); f.addWindowListener( this ); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e ) { … } public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e ) { … } public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e ) { … } public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e ) { … } public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) { … } public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) { … } public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e) { … } public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e) { … } } 123
- 124. or … use Adapters (c) Rajkumar class MyApp extends WindowAdapter { Button b = new Button(“OK”); Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”); public static void main(String [] s ) {(new MyApp()).go(); } public void go() { f.addWindowListener( this ); } public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e ) { … } } Need only implement the method(s) that are required, instead of all seven methods of the WindowListener interface 124
- 125. But, we can only use one Adapter at a time (no multiple inheritance) (c) Rajkumar I.e., cannot have : class MyApp extends WindowAdapter, MouseAdapter, ... { … … … ... } 125
- 126. However … can use inner classes instead !!! (c) Rajkumar class MyApp { Button b = new Button(“OK”); Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”); public static void main(String [] s ) { ((new MyApp()).go(); } public void go() { f.addWindowListener( new FrameHandler() ); b.addMouseListener( new ButtonHandler() ); } class ButtonHandler extends MouseAdapter { public void mousePressed (MouseEvent e ) { … } } class FrameHandler extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing (WindowEvent e ) { … } } } 126
- 127. Popup Menu and Event Handling... (c) Rajkumar //popup.java: popup menu and event handling import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class popup extends Frame implements ActionListener, MouseListener { TextField text1; PopupMenu popup; MenuItem menuitem1, menuitem2, menuitem3; public popup() { super( "Popup Menu" ); setLayout(new FlowLayout()); setBounds(10, 10, 300, 200 ); setVisible(true); init(); } public void init() { popup = new PopupMenu("Resource Usage" ); 127
- 128. Popup Menu and Event Handling... (c) Rajkumar menuitem1 = new MenuItem("CPU"); menuitem1.addActionListener(this); menuitem2 = new MenuItem("Disk"); menuitem2.addActionListener(this); menuitem3 = new MenuItem("Memory"); menuitem3.addActionListener(this); popup.add(menuitem1); popup.add(menuitem2); popup.add(menuitem3); add(popup); text1 = new TextField(20); text1.setBounds(20, 40, 120, 30 ); add(text1); addMouseListener(this); } public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e ) { if( e.getModifiers() != 0 ) popup.show(this, e.getX(), e.getY() ); } 128
- 129. Popup Menu and Event Handling (c) Rajkumar public void mouseReleased( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Releasedn" ); } public void mouseEntered( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Enteredn" ); } public void mouseExited( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Exitedn" ); } public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e ) { if( e.getSource() == menuitem1 ) { text1.setText("CPU"); } if( e.getSource() == menuitem2 ) { text1.setText("Disk"); } if( e.getSource() == menuitem3 ) { text1.setText("Memory"); } } public static void main( String args[] ) { popup p = new popup(); } } 129
- 130. (c) Rajkumar Applets and GUI 130
- 131. AWT & Applets (c) Rajkumar An Applet is a Java program capable of running from within a web page (HTML document) Steps to incorporate and run an applet: · Have MyApplet.java · javac MyApplet.java · Have MyApplet.class · Create MyApplet.html <applet code = MyApplet.class width = 200 height = 300 > </applet> · appletviewer MyApplet.html (or open MyApplet.html in browsers like Netscape/IE). 131
- 132. Applet methods (c) Rajkumar Unlike Applications, Applets do not have main(). Instead, they have : init(), start(), stop(), paint(), update(), repaint(), destroy(). All methods need not be implemented -- there are default versions for all of them. AppletContext – “Applet” derived from AWT Panel Hooks into Browser environment Can be used to link to another Web page 132
- 133. A sample Applet (c) Rajkumar // HelloApplet.java: for processing applet methods import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*; public class HelloApplet extends Applet { public void init() { setBackground(Color.yellow); System.out.println("init() method invoked"); } public void start() { System.out.println("start() method invoked"); } public void paint( Graphics g ) { System.out.println("paint() method invoked"); g.drawString( "Hi there", 24, 25 ); } public void stop() { System.out.println("stop() method invoked"); } 133
- 135. another sample Applet (run in Applet Viewer) (c) Rajkumar 135
- 136. sample Applet running within Netscape (c) Rajkumar 136
- 137. sample Applet code (c) Rajkumar import java.applet.*; // for Applet class import java.awt.*; // for Graphics class public class MyApplet extends Applet { public void paint( Graphics g ) { g.drawString("Hi there", 40, 40); g.drawOval(40, 60, 45, 45); g.drawRect(100, 60, 50, 50); g.drawLine(170, 60, 250, 170); } // end paint() public void init() { setBackground(Color.yellow); } } // end class MyApplet 137
- 138. Another example (c) Rajkumar // MyApplet.java: draws rectangle with yellow color fill import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyApplet extends Applet { public synchronized void paint(Graphics g) { int x,y,width,height; Dimension dm = size(); x = dm.width/4; y = dm.height / 4; width = dm.width / 2; height = dm.height / 2; // Draw the rectangle in the center with colors! g.setColor(Color.blue); g.drawRect(x,y,width,height); g.setColor(Color.yellow); g.fillRect(x + 1,y + 1,width - 2,height - 2); } } 138
- 139. order of Applet method execution (c) Rajkumar As soon as the browser (or Appletviewer) accesses the page that contains the applet: It calls init(), first It calls start(), second. It calls paint(), third. 139
- 140. order of Applet method execution (cont’d) (c) Rajkumar After the above three initial calls, invocation of the other methods depends on user's activity while in the browser: no activity => none of the methods is invoked leave to a different URL => stop() is invoked (and if later come back to this URL, then start() will be invoked). close down the browser => destroy() is invoked none of the above => either paint() or update() or repaint() is invoked. 140
- 141. Incorporating Images and sound in Applets (c) Rajkumar 141
- 142. sample Applet with sound (c) Rajkumar … … … (MyAppletSound.java) 142
- 143. how to do that …. (c) Rajkumar Step 1 : LOAD (image of sound file) Step 2 : DISPLAY -or- PLAY 143
- 144. Applet that displays image (c) Rajkumar import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyApplet1 extends Applet { Image im; public void init () { // load im = getImage(getDocumentBase(),"BOTTOMDOLLAR.JPG"); setBackground(Color.yellow); } public void paint(Graphics g ) { g.drawImage(im, 50, 50, this); } } // end class MyApplet1 // display 144
- 145. Applet that plays sound (c) Rajkumar import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyAppletSound extends Applet { AudioClip ac; public void init () { // load ac = getAudioClip(getDocumentBase(), "chirp1.au"); } public void start() { ac.loop(); // play } public void stop() { ac.stop(); // stop the sound upon leaving this web page } } // end class MyAppletSound 145
- 146. (c) Rajkumar Multithreading in Java (A built-in feature in Java) 146
- 147. Single and Multithreaded Processes (c) Rajkumar threads are light-weight processes within a process Single-threaded Process Multiplethreaded Threads of Process Execution Multiple instruction stream Single instruction stream Common Address Space 147
- 148. Threads (c) Rajkumar Java has built in thread support for Multithreading Synchronization Thread Scheduling Inter-Thread Communication: currentThread start setPriority yield run getPriority sleep stop suspend resume Java Garbage Collector is a low-priority thread 148
- 150. Threading Mechanisms... (c) Rajkumar Create a class that extends the Thread class Create a class that implements the Runnable interface 150
- 151. 1st method: Extending Thread class (c) Rajkumar 1st Method: Extending the Thread class class MyThread { public void { // thread } } Creating thread: MyThread thr1 = Start Execution: thr1.start(); extends Thread run() body of execution new MyThread(); 151
- 152. An example (c) Rajkumar class MyThread extends Thread { // the thread public void run() { System.out.println(" this thread is running ... "); } } // end class MyThread class ThreadEx2 { // a program that utilizes the thread public static void main(String [] args ) { // note, the created object myThreadObject IS A Thread as well. MyThread t = new MyThread(); // due to extending the Thread class (above) // I can call start(), and this will call // run(). start() is a method in class Thread. t.start(); } // end main() } // end class ThreadEx2 152
- 153. 2nd method: Threads by implementing Runnable interface class (c) Rajkumar MyThread implements Runnable { ..... public void run() { // thread body of execution } } Creating Object: MyThread myObject = new MyThread(); Creating Thread Object: Thread thr1 = new Thread( myObject ); Start Execution: thr1.start(); 153
- 154. An example (c) Rajkumar class MyThread implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println(" this thread is running ... "); } } // end class MyThread class ThreadEx21 { public static void main(String [] args ) { Thread t = new Thread(new MyThread()); // due to implementing the Runnable interface // I can call start(), and this will call run(). t.start(); } // end main() } // end class ThreadEx2 154
- 155. A program with two threads (c) Rajkumar class MyThread implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println("This is 'MyThread' ); } } class YourThread implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println("This is 'YourThread'); } } class ThreadEx4 { public static void main(String [] args ) { Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread()); Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread()); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } // end class ThreadEx4 155
- 156. Monitor model (for Syncronisation) (c) Rajkumar Method 1 Method 2 Key Block 1 Threads Monitor (synchronised) solves race-condition problem 156
- 157. examples :: program with two threads and shared object (c) Rajkumar class MyThread implements Runnable { Shared so; public MyThread (Shared s) { so = s;} public void run() { so.method1(); } } // end class MyThread class YourThread implements Runnable { Shared so; public YourThread (Shared s) { so = s; } public void run() { so.method2(); } } // end class YourThread class HerThread implements Runnable { Shared so; public HerThread (Shared s) { so = s; } public void run() {so.method3(); } } // end class HerThread so 157
- 158. the monitor (shared object) class Shared { // the 'monitor' (c) Rajkumar // if 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable public synchronized void method1( ) { for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) { System.out.print(" [1] :: " + i);} } // if the 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable public synchronized void method2( ) { for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) { System.out.print(" [2] :: " + i); } } // if the 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable public synchronized void method3( ) { for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) { System.out.print(" [3] :: " + i ) ; } } 158
- 159. the driver (c) Rajkumar class MyMainClass { public static void main(String [] args ) { Shared sharedObject = new Shared (); Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread(sharedObject)); Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread(sharedObject)); Thread t3 = new Thread(new HerThread(sharedObject)); t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); } // end main() } // end class ThreadEx5 159
- 160. Threads in Action... Cooperative threads - File Copy (c) Rajkumar reader() reader() {{ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --lock(buff[i]); lock(buff[i]); read(src,buff[i]); read(src,buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --}} buff[0] buff[0] buff[1] buff[1] writer() writer() {{ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -lock(buff[i]); lock(buff[i]); write(src,buff[i]); write(src,buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -}} Cooperative Parallel Synchronized Cooperative Parallel Synchronized Threads Threads 160
- 161. (c) Rajkumar Streams and I/O 161
- 162. Streams and I/O (c) Rajkumar basic classes for file IO – FileInputStream, for reading from a file – FileOutputStream, for writing to a file Example: Open a file "myfile.txt" for reading FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("myfile.txt"); Open a file "outfile.txt" for writing FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream ("myfile.txt"); 162
- 163. Display File Contents (c) Rajkumar import java.io.*; public class FileToOut1 { public static void main(String args[]) { try { FileInputStream infile = new FileInputStream("testfile.txt"); byte buffer[] = new byte[50]; int nBytesRead; do { nBytesRead = infile.read(buffer); System.out.write(buffer, 0, nBytesRead); } while (nBytesRead == buffer.length); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.err.println("File not found"); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read failed"); } } } 163
- 164. Filters (c) Rajkumar •Once a stream (e.g., file) has been opened, we can attach filters •Filters make reading/writing more efficient •Most popular filters: • For basic types: •DataInputStream, DataOutputStream • For objects: •ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream 164
- 165. Writing data to a file using Filters (c) Rajkumar import java.io.*; public class GenerateData { public static void main(String args[]) { try { FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("stuff.dat"); DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(fos); dos.writeInt(2); dos.writeDouble(2.7182818284590451); dos.writeDouble(3.1415926535); dos.close(); fos.close(); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.err.println("File not found"); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read or write failed"); } } } 165
- 166. Reading data from a file using filters (c) Rajkumar import java.io.*; public class ReadData { public static void main(String args[]) { try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("stuff.dat"); DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(fis); int n = dis.readInt(); System.out.println(n); for( int i = 0; i < n; i++ ) { System.out.println(dis.readDouble()); } dis.close(); fis.close(); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.err.println("File not found"); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Read or write failed"); } } } 166
- 167. Object serialization (c) Rajkumar Write objects to a file, instead of writing primitive types. Use the ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream classes, the same way that filters are used. 167
- 168. Write an object to a file (c) Rajkumar import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class WriteDate { public WriteDate () { Date d = new Date(); try { FileOutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("date.ser"); ObjectOutputStream s = new ObjectOutputStream (f); s.writeObject (d); s.close (); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } public static void main (String args[]) { new WriteDate (); } } 168
- 169. Read an object from a file (c) Rajkumar import java.util.*; public class ReadDate { public ReadDate () { Date d = null; ObjectInputStream s = null; try { FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream ("date.ser"); s = new ObjectInputStream (f); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { d = (Date)s.readObject (); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (InvalidClassException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (StreamCorruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (OptionalDataException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println ("Date serialized at: "+ d); } public static void main (String args[]) { new ReadDate (); } } 169
- 170. (c) Rajkumar Network/Socket Programming in Java 170
- 171. java.net (c) Rajkumar Used to manage: URL streams Client/server sockets Datagrams 171
- 172. Part III - Networking (c) Rajkumar ServerSocket(1234) Output/write stream Input/read stream Socket(“130.63.122.1”, 1234) Server_name: “cdacb.ernet.in” 172
- 173. Server side Socket Operations (c) Rajkumar 1. Open Server Socket: String server; Socket slink; DataOutputStream os; DataInputStream is; server = new ServerSocket( PORT ); 2. Wait for Client Request: Socket client = server.accept(); 3. Create I/O streams for communicating to clients is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() ); os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() ); 4. Perform communication with client Receiive from client: String line = is.readLine(); Send to client: os.writeBytes("Hellon"); 5. Close sockets: client.close(); For multithreade server: while(true) { i. wait for client requests (step 2 above) ii. create a thread with “client” socket as parameter (the thread creates streams (as in step (3) and does communication as stated in (4). Remove thread once service is provided. } 173
- 174. Client side Socket Operations (c) Rajkumar 1. Get connection to server: client = new Socket( server, port_id ); 2. Create I/O streams for communicating to clients is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() ); os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() ); 3. Perform communication with client Receiive from client: String line = is.readLine(); Send to client: os.writeBytes("Hellon"); 4. Close sockets: client.close(); 174
- 175. A simple server (simplified code) (c) Rajkumar import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public class ASimpleServer { public static void main(String args[]) { // Register service on port 1234 ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(1234); Socket s1=s.accept(); // Wait and accept a connection // Get a communication stream associated with the socket OutputStream s1out = s1.getOutputStream(); DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream (s1out); // Send a string! dos.writeUTF(“Hi there”); // Close the connection, but not the server socket dos.close(); s1out.close(); s1.close(); } 175 }
- 176. A simple client (simplified code) (c) Rajkumar import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public class SimpleClient { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { // Open your connection to a server, at port 1234 Socket s1 = new Socket("130.63.122.1",1234); // Get an input file handle from the socket and read the input InputStream s1In = s1.getInputStream(); DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(s1In); String st = new String (dis.readUTF()); System.out.println(st); // When done, just close the connection and exit dis.close(); s1In.close(); s1.close(); } } 176
- 177. Echo Server Client.. (c) Rajkumar //client.java: client interface to server import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class client { int port_id; String server; Socket slink; DataOutputStream os; DataInputStream is; DataInputStream kbd; public client( String args[] ) { server = args[0]; port_id = Integer.valueOf(args[1]).intValue(); try { slink = new Socket( server, port_id ); os = new DataOutputStream( slink.getOutputStream() ); is = new DataInputStream( slink.getInputStream() ); kbd = new DataInputStream( System.in ); } 177
- 178. Echo Server Client.. (c) Rajkumar catch( UnknownHostException e ) { System.err.println( "Don't know about host: " ); System.exit(1); } catch( IOException e ) { System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to "+server); System.exit(1); } } void communicate() { while(true) { try { System.out.print("Enter Input <end to stop>: "); String line = kbd.readLine(); os.writeBytes( line+"n" ); 178
- 179. Echo Server Client.. if( line.equals("end") ) (c) Rajkumar { os.close(); is.close(); slink.close(); break; } String line2 = is.readLine(); System.out.println("Output: "+line2); } catch( IOException e ) { System.out.println(e); } } } public static void main( String [] args ) { if( args.length < 2 ) { System.out.println("Usage: java client server_name port_id" ); System.exit(1); } client cln = new client( args ); cln.communicate(); } 179
- 180. Echo Server ... (c) Rajkumar // server.java: echo server import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class server { // public final static int PORT = 4779; public static void main( String [] args ) { ServerSocket server = null; DataOutputStream os = null; DataInputStream is = null; boolean shutdown = false; if( args.length < 1 ) { System.out.println( "Usage: java server port_num" ); System.exit( 1 ); } int PORT = Integer.valueOf(args[0]).intValue(); try { server = new ServerSocket( PORT ); } 180
- 181. Echo Server ... (c) Rajkumar catch( IOException e ) { System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to: "); } while(!shutdown) { if( server != null ) { try { Socket client = server.accept(); System.out.println("Connected"); InetAddress cip = client.getInetAddress(); System.out.println( "Client IP Addr: "+cip.toString()); is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() ); os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() ); for(;;) { String line = is.readLine(); if( line == null ) break; 181
- 182. Echo Server ... (c) Rajkumar if( line.startsWith("end" ) ) { shutdown = true; break; } os.writeBytes(line.toUpperCase()); os.writeBytes("n"); System.out.println(line); } is.close(); client.close(); } catch( UnknownHostException e ) { System.err.println( "Server Open fails" ); } catch( IOException e ) { System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to:"+args[0]); } } } 182
- 183. Echo Server (c) Rajkumar System.out.println( "Server Down" ); try { server.close(); } catch(IOException e) {} } } 183
- 184. Threads in Action... Multithreaded Server (c) Rajkumar Server Process Client Process Server Threads Client Process User Mode Kernel Mode Message Passing Facility 184
- 185. (c) Rajkumar Java System Architecture & Availability 185
- 186. A Look Inside the Java Platform (c) Rajkumar Applets and Applications The Java Base Platform (in black) Java Base API Java Standard Extension API Java Base Classes Java Standard Extension Classes Java Virtual Machine Porting Interface Adapter Browser OS Hardware Adapter OS Adapter JavaOS OS Hardware Hardware Hardware Java on a Desktop OS Java on a Smaller OS Java on JavaOS Network Java on a Browser 186
- 187. Java Applications! (c) Rajkumar Java applications are now available Cost of manfg zero, cost of distribution zero, cost of marketing zero! Hot Java is lean - loads everything else from the net. Java itself is small - 40k to 225k New class of small machines will emerge Java on cellular phones, credit cards, washing machines, and everywhere ? 187
- 188. Universal Interface (c) Rajkumar Web Servers with JAVA applications Internet Clients running any OS on any platform 188
- 189. Java on my platform ? (c) Rajkumar Sun (SPARC) ftp://java.sun.com Sun(x86) ftp://xm.com:/pub/ IBM(Aix, OS/2)ftp://ncc.hursley.ibm.com/javainfo DEC(Alpha OSF/1) http://www.gr.osf.org:8001/projects/web/java/ SGI http://liawww.epfl.ch/~simon/java/irixjdk.html HP http://www.gr.osf.org:8001/projects/web/java Linux http://www.blackdown.org AT & T http://www.gr.osf.org:8001/projects/web/java Windows 3.1 http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com 189
- 190. (c) Rajkumar Java Development Tools (Present and Planned) 190
- 191. Sun’s Java WorkShop (c) Rajkumar JDK: Compiler and runtime environment Class Libraries Documentation javadoc - Automated Documentation Takes comments and converts to HTML IDE: Visual Java, and integrated tools, JavaBeans Other Products and API: JavaHelp, Java Card, Java Blend, JavaOS, Java Mail, Java Management, Java Electronic Commerce Framework Java Enterprise API: Java Naming and Directory Interface, Java IDL, JDBC, RMI and Object Serialization 191
- 192. Symantec Cafe 1.0 (Released) (c) Rajkumar Full IDE for Windows 95/NT Graphic Development Tools Two Compilers Debugger Class Browser 192
- 193. Microsoft Jakarta (Planned) (c) Rajkumar Visual C++ type interface Will Support ActiveX/COM Internet Explorer 3.0 will have Just-In-Time Java compiler 193
- 194. Borland JBuilder (c) Rajkumar Visual RAD workbench for maximum productivity. Rapid Application Development (RAD) and Open Component Architecture patterned after Delphi. 100+ JavaBean components, with source code, for drag-and-drop applications. Beans Express--easiest way to create industrystandard Java-Bean components. DataExpress -- the fastest way to build business and database appplications. Borland DataGateway for Java connectivity to all major database servers. Multi-tier applications with integrated RMI and CORBA. Versions: Standard, Professional, & Client/Server 194
- 195. Challenges & Possible Directions (c) Rajkumar Performance AWT - need better GUI! Maintaining Interoperability Security - current restrictions limit what can be done Native Compilers Is Portability that Important? 195
- 196. Comments (c) Rajkumar Java is a fun and easy programming language Portability = Mediocrity? Java will become a programming language of choice, but may take on a final form that will surprise many! 196
- 197. JDBC (c) Rajkumar Java API for Relational Databases Being standardized by all major players 197
- 198. Javascript and Java (Preview) (c) Rajkumar Javascript can control Java applets Static data accessible as properties of applet var i = Bank.Account.count Public methods invocable on Java instances Provided those instances are accessible through the Applet Applet is accessible through document document.applet_Name_Attribute.do_Stuff() 198
- 199. Java for HPC! (c) Rajkumar Many efforts are in in progress for making java as a language for parallel programming. Java computing frameworks (HPC, numeric, data parallel) Java in distributed simulations and applications (e.g., real-world HPC, grand chalenge) Source to source translators (C, Fortran, C++ to Java) Web based computation environment in Java Java for HPC conference: http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/conferences/java98 Java for Science and Engineering computing: subscribe java-for-cse to [email protected] http://www.jhpc.org 199
- 200. How to Convert Programs to AWT 1.1... (c) Rajkumar 1. Change source code so that it import event package: import java.awt.event.*; 2. Figure out which component generates each event type: (1.0 uses handleEvent() and action()) Button, List, MenuItem, TextField: Interface: ActionListener Method: actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) Checkbox, CheckboxMenuItem, Choice: Interface: ItemListener Method: itemStateChanged(..) Dialog, Frame: Interface: WindowListener Method: windowClosing(), windowOpened(),... 200
- 201. How to Convert Programs to AWT 1.1... (c) Rajkumar 3. Change class declaration so that class implements public class MyClass extends SomeComponent implements ActionListener 4. Register action Listener newComponentObject.addActionListener(this); 5. Change event handling method: Old: public boolean action(Event e, Object arg) New: public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) 201
- 202. How to Convert Programs to AWT 1.1 (c) Rajkumar 6. Delete the event handling code in this way (a) Delete all return statements (b) Change e.target to e.getSource() (c) Delete all code the unnecessarily tests for which component the event come from (d) Perform any other modification require to make the program compile 202
- 203. Just to Summarize (c) Rajkumar Java as a Comprehensive Programming Solution Object Oriented Portable High Performance Geared for Distributed Environments Secure Highly suitable for Internet programming 203
- 204. Summary (c) Rajkumar Java is really very well poised Incredible leverage from the Web Will impact the C++ and Smalltalk markets Rate of progress is astonishingly high – Development environments – CORBA linkages – Components Fasten you seat-belts! 204
- 205. Thank You ... Thank You ... (c) Rajkumar ? 205
Editor's Notes
- #22: How do you write and distribute applications that run on all operating systems, versions, platforms. Different binaries reside in all machines Different binaries for user interfaces.