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JavaScript Design Patterns
Copyright © 2024 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher,
except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or
implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for
any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and
products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot
guarantee the accuracy of this information.
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Publishing Product Manager: Kushal Dave
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Technical Editor: Simran Udasi
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First published: March 2024
Production reference: 1150224

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Grosvenor House
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Birmingham
B3 1RB, UK
ISBN 978-1-80461-227-9
www.packtpub.com

To my wife, Amalia, for being my first supporter in all my endeavors. To my daughter, Zoë, for
making me want to show that the impossible sometimes is.

– Hugo Di Francesco
Contributors
About the author
Hugo Di Francesco is a software engineer who has worked extensively with JavaScript. He holds an
MEng degree in mathematical computation from University College London (UCL). He has used
JavaScript across the stack to create scalable and performant platforms at companies such as Canon
and Elsevier, and in industries such as print on demand and mindfulness. He is currently tackling
problems in the travel industry at Eurostar with Node.js, TypeScript, React, and Kubernetes, while
running the eponymous Code with Hugo website. Outside of work, he is an international fencer, in
the pursuit of which he trains and competes across the globe.

I want to thank all the people who have supported me in my life and writing journey,
particularly my wife Amalia, and my family.
About the reviewers
Dr. Murugavel, a distinguished and versatile educator in the realms of computer science engineering
and information technology. With over 13 years of enriching experience at renowned universities and
an additional 8+ years dedicated to the dynamic field of data analytics, Dr. Murugavel stands as a
beacon of expertise at the intersection of academia and technology.
His journey is marked by successive achievements, particularly in handling core subjects and
programming languages, with a keen emphasis on practical knowledge. As a mentor and guide for
major projects, Dr. Murugavel actively engages in groundbreaking research within his specialized
field. His commitment to bridging theory and application has made him a valuable resource for
students and researchers alike.
His technical proficiency extends across a spectrum of disciplines. He is well-versed in full stack web
development, SQL, data analytics, Python, and BI tools, showcasing theoretical knowledge and a
hands-on understanding of these technologies. His extensive portfolio includes the development of
numerous applications using JSP, ASP, and ASP.NET, reflecting his prowess in both frontend and
backend development.
In the realm of databases, he demonstrates versatility across MS-SQL Server, MySQL, MongoDB,
Django, MS Access, Oracle, and FoxPro. His proficiency in various Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs) and tools such as Anaconda, Visual Studio, GitHub, JBuilder, JCreator,
MATLAB, Sublime 3, and Adobe Dreamweaver further solidifies his standing in the technological
landscape.
In the realm of data science and Business Intelligence (BI) tools, his skills are extensive,
encompassing PowerBI, DAX, VBA Macros for Excel, SSAS, and SSIS. His ability to harness these
tools illuminates the path to insightful data analysis and visualization.
Shubham Thakur, a dynamic senior software engineer (A3 grade) at EPAM, specializes in
technologies such as JavaScript, Angular, Next.js, Node, MySQL, MongoDB, AWS Cloud, and IoT.
His expertise in these domains has significantly contributed to his project successes. He expresses
deep gratitude to Priya for her unwavering love and to his brother, Yash, for his constant support.
Shubham also acknowledges the profound impact of his mentors, Avnish Aggarwal, Yogesh
Dhandekar, and Amit Jain, whose guidance has been instrumental in shaping his professional

journey. Their mentorship has not only honed his technical skills but also enriched his approach to
complex problem-solving in the tech industry.

Part 1: Design Patterns
1
Working with Creational Design Patterns
What are creational design patterns?
Implementing the prototype pattern in JavaScript
Implementation
A use case
The singleton pattern with eager and lazy initialization in
JavaScript
Implementation
Use cases
Improvements with the “class singleton” pattern
A singleton without class fields using ES module behavior
The factory pattern in JavaScript
Implementation
Use cases
Improvements with modern JavaScript
Summary
2
Implementing Structural Design Patterns
Technical requirements
What are structural design patterns?
Implementing the Proxy pattern with Proxy and Reflect
A redaction proxy implementation

Use cases
Improving the proxy pattern in JavaScript with the Proxy and
Reflect global objects
Decorator in JavaScript
Implementation
Use cases
Improvements/limitations
Flyweight in JavaScript
Implementation
Use cases
Adapter in JavaScript
Use cases
Summary
3
Leveraging Behavioral Design Patterns
What are behavioral design patterns?
The observer pattern in JavaScript
Implementation
Use cases of the observer pattern
Limitations and improvements
State and strategy in JavaScript and a simplified approach
Implementation
Use cases of the state and strategy patterns
Limitations and improvements

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Visitor in JavaScript
Implementation
Use cases of the visitor pattern
Summary

Part 2: Architecture and UI Patterns
4
Exploring Reactive View Library Patterns
What are reactive view library patterns?
The render prop pattern
Use cases
Implementation/example
Limitations
The higher-order component pattern
Implementation/example
Use cases
Limitations
The hooks pattern
An implementation/example
Use cases
Limitations
The provider pattern
Use case – the prop drilling problem
An implementation/example
Limitations
Summary
5
Rendering Strategies and Page Hydration

Client and server rendering with React
Client-side rendering in React
Server rendering in React
Trade-offs between client and server rendering
Static rendering with Next.js
Automatic static generation
Static generation with a third-party data source
Static generation with dynamic paths
Page hydration strategies
Common React rehydration issues
React streaming server-side rendering
Summary
6
Micro Frontends, Zones, and Islands Architectures
An overview of micro frontends
Key benefits
“Classic” micro frontend patterns
Other concerns in a micro frontend world
Composing applications with Next.js “zones”
Root app
Adding a /search app
Adding /checkout app
The benefits/supporting team scaling
The drawbacks of Next.js zones

Scaling performance-sensitive pages with the “islands”
architecture
Islands setup with is-land
Product island
Cart island
A related products island
Scaling with a team – bundling islands
Drawbacks
Summary

Part 3: Performance and Security Patterns
7
Asynchronous Programming Performance Patterns
Controlling sequential asynchronous operations with
async/await and Promises
Parallel asynchronous operation patterns
Asynchronous cancellation and timeouts with AbortController
Throttling, debouncing, and batching asynchronous operations
Summary
8
Event-Driven Programming Patterns
Optimizing event listeners through event delegation
Patterns for secure frame/native WebView bridge messaging
Event listener performance antipatterns
Summary
9
Maximizing Performance – Lazy Loading and Code
Splitting
Dynamic imports and code splitting with Vite

Route-based code splitting and bundling
Loading JavaScript on element visibility and interaction
Summary
10
Asset Loading Strategies and Executing Code off the
Main Thread
Asset loading optimization – async, defer, preconnect, preload,
and prefetch
Using Next.js Script’s strategy option to optimize asset loading
Loading and running scripts in a worker thread
Summary
Index
Other Books You May Enjoy

Preface
Welcome! JavaScript design patterns are techniques that allow us to write more robust, scalable, and
extensible applications in JavaScript. JavaScript is the main programming language available in web
browsers and is one of the most popular programming languages with support beyond browsers.
Design patterns are solutions to common problems that can be reused. The most-written-about design
patterns come from the world of object-oriented programming.
JavaScript’s attributes as a lightweight, multi-paradigm, dynamic, single-threaded language give it
different strengths and weaknesses to other mainstream programming languages. It’s common for
software engineers to use JavaScript in addition to being well versed in a different programming
language. JavaScript’s different gearing means that implementing design patterns verbatim can lead
to non-idiomatic and under-performing JavaScript applications.
There are many resources on JavaScript and design patterns, but this book provides a cohesive and
comprehensive view of design patterns in modern (ECMAScript 6+) JavaScript with real-world
examples of how to deploy them in a professional setting. In addition to this complete library of
patterns to apply to projects, this book also provides an overview of how to structure different parts
of an application to deliver high performance at scale.
In this book, you will be provided with up-to-date guidance through the world of modern JavaScript
patterns based on nine years of experience building and deploying JavaScript and React applications
at scale at companies such as Elsevier, Canon, and Eurostar, delivering multiple system evolutions,
performance projects, and a next-generation frontend application architecture.

Who this book is for
This book is for developers and software architects who want to leverage JavaScript and the web
platform to increase productivity, software quality, and the performance of their applications.
Familiarity with software design patterns would be a plus but is not required.
The three main challenges faced by developers and architects who are the target audience of this
content are as follows:
They are familiar with programming concepts but not how to effectively implement them in JavaScript
They want to structure JavaScript code and applications in a way that is maintainable and extensible
They want to deliver more performance to the users of their JavaScript applications

What this book covers
Chapter 1, Working with Creational Design Patterns, covers creational design patterns, which help to
organize object creation. We’ll look at implementing the prototype, singleton, and factory patterns in
JavaScript.
Chapter 2, Implementing Structural Design Patterns, looks at structural design patterns, which help
to organize relationships between entities. We’ll implement the proxy, decorator, flyweight, and
adapter patterns in JavaScript.
Chapter 3, Leveraging Behavioral Design Patterns, delves into behavioral design patterns, which
help to organize communication between objects. We’ll learn about the observer, state, strategy, and
visitor patterns in JavaScript.
Chapter 4, Exploring Reactive View Library Patterns, explores reactive view libraries, such as React,
which have taken over the JavaScript application landscape. With these libraries come new patterns
to explore, implement, and contrast.
Chapter 5, Rendering Strategies and Page Hydration, takes a look at optimizing page performance,
which is a key concern nowadays. It’s a concern both for improving the on-page conversion of
customers and search engine optimization, since search engines such as Google take core web vitals
into account.
Chapter 6, Micro Frontends, Zones, and Islands Architectures, explores micro frontends. Akin to the
microservices movement in the service tier, micro frontends are designed to split a large surface area
into smaller chunks that can be worked on and delivered at higher velocity.
Chapter 7, Asynchronous Programming Performance Patterns, looks at how JavaScript’s single-
threaded event-loop-based concurrency model is one of its greatest strengths but is often
misunderstood or under-leveraged in performance-sensitive situations. Writing asynchronous-
handling code in JavaScript in a performant and extensible manner is key to delivering a smooth user
experience at scale.
Chapter 8, Event-Driven Programming Patterns, explores how event-driven programming in
JavaScript is of paramount importance in security-sensitive applications as it is a way to pass
information from and to different web contexts. Event-driven applications can often be optimized to
enable better performance and scalability.
Chapter 9, Maximizing Performance – Lazy Loading and Code Splitting, deals with how, in order to
maximize the performance of a JavaScript application, reducing the amount of unused JavaScript

being loaded and interpreted is key. The techniques that can be brought to bear on this problem are
called lazy loading and code splitting.
Chapter 10, Asset-Loading Strategies and Executing Code off the Main Thread, looks at how there
are situations in the lifecycle of an application where loading more JavaScript or assets is inevitable.
You will learn about asset-loading optimizations in the specific case of JavaScript, as well as other
web resources, and finally how to execute JavaScript off the main browser thread.
To get the most out of this book
You will need to have prior experience with JavaScript and developing for the web. Some of the
more advanced topics in the book will be of interest to developers with intermediate experience in
building for the web with JavaScript.
Software/hardware covered in the book Operating system requirements
Node.js 20+ Windows, macOS, or Linux
NPM v8+ Windows, macOS, or Linux
ECMAScript 6+ Windows, macOS, or Linux
React v16+ Windows, macOS, or Linux
Next.js Windows, macOS, or Linux
If you are using the digital version of this book, we advise you to type the code yourself or
access the code from the book’s GitHub repository (a link is available in the next section).
Doing so will help you avoid any potential errors related to the copying and pasting of code.
Download the example code files
You can download the example code files for this book from GitHub at
https://github.com/PacktPublishing/JavaScript-Design-Patterns. If there’s an update to the code, it
will be updated in the GitHub repository.
We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at
https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

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