jean-piaget.pdf detail theory of psychologist piaget

Jean Piaget
His Life
His Theory
Applications in Education

Outline
 Who is Jean Piaget?
 How did he Start Working in Psychology?
 Piagetian Glossary
 His Theory:
– Stages of Development:
 Sensorimotor Stage (0 – 2 years)
 Preoperational Stage (2 – 6/7 years)
 Concrete Operational Stage (6/7 years – 11 years)
 Formal Operational Stage (11 –15 years)
 Applications of his theory in Education

Who’s Jean Piaget?
 Place Of Birth:
Switzerland
 Date of Birth: August
9th, 1896
 First Appearance: at the
age of 11, he wrote a short
notice on an albino
sparrow – this is
considered as the start of
a brilliant scientific
career.

How did he Start Working in Psychology?
 PHD in Natural Science.
 Moving to France – Working at a school.
 First experiential studies of the growing
mind.

Piagetian Glossary
 Genetic Epistemology: The study of the origins
of knowledge.
– Do we just add more information over time? No!
– Children are not just little adults who have not
acquired as much knowledge.
– They think in qualitatively different ways.
– Their thinking is not illogical, but employs a
different logic.
Example

Piagetian Glossary
 Schemas: Simple skills that the individual
possesses and that direct the way this
individual is to explore his/her environment
and gain more knowledge.
Example

Piagetian Glossary
Example
 Assimilation: Incorporation of new material
from the environment into a schema.

Piagetian Glossary
Example
 Accommodation: Changing a certain schema to
fit the environment.

Piagetian Glossary
 Adaptation: Piaget’s term of what we call
“Learning”; individuals use schemata to
understand features of the world.

Piagetian Glossary
 Equilibrium: when Assimilation and
Accommodation work in harmony together; it
means that adaptation is driven by a biological
drive to obtain balance between schemes and the
environment.
 Further Investigations…

Piaget’s Theory:
Stages of Cognitive Development
 Basic Assumption:
– Development is children’s attempts to make sense of
the world.
 Development is the orderly, qualitative, and
adaptive changes in:
– Physical
– Personal
– Social
– Cognitive
Aspects of an individual.

Piaget’s Theory:
 Factors that Influence Development:
– Maturation
– Activity
– Social Transmission

Piaget’s Theory:
 Two major characteristics to the theory:
– The process of coming to know
– The stages the individual moves through as he/she
gradually acquire the ability to know.

Piaget’s Theory:
 Sensorimotor Stage (0 – 2 years)
 Preoperational Stage (2 – 6/7 years)
 Concrete Operational Stage (6/7 – 11 years)
 Formal Operational Stage (11– 15 years)

Piaget’s Theory:
 Sensorimotor Stage: (0-2 Years)
– Infant uses senses and motor abilities to understand
the world.

Piaget’s Theory:
Sensorimotor Stage
Period Characteristics
0-1 months -Reflex activity only
-No differentiation
1-4 months -Hand-mouth
coordination
-Differentiation via
sucking
4-8 months -Hand-eye
coordination
-Repeats unusual
events

Piaget’s Theory:
Sensorimotor Stage
Period Characteristics
8-12 months -Coordination of two
schemata
-Object permanence
attained
12-18 months -New means through
experimentation
-follows sequential
displacements
18-24 months -Internal representations
-New means through
mental combinations

Piaget’s Theory:
 Preoperational Stage: (2-6/7 Years)
– The development of internal representation permits
the young child to begin to use symbols to represent
objects

Piaget’s Theory:
Preoperational Stage
 Egocentric Stage (2-4 years)
– Problems are solved through representation
– Language develops
– Thought and logic are both EGOCENTRIC

Piaget’s Theory:
Preoperational Stage
 Intuitive Stage (5-7 years)
– Child cannot solve conservation problems
– Judgments are based on perception rather than logic

Piaget’s Theory:
 Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
– Child attains reversibility
– Child can solve conservative problems
– Logical operations developed and applied to concrete
problems
– Child cannot solve complex verbal problems

Piaget’s Theory:
 Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years)
– Child can logically solve all types of problems
– Child can think scientifically
– Child can solve complex verbal problems
– Cognitive structures attained

Piaget’s Theory:
Formal Operational Stage
 Video 6: Formal Operational Child

Application of Piaget’s Theory in Education
“Learning Comes Through “Doing” – It is an
active process”

 Learner-Centered Philosophy
 Activity is Essential
 Individualized Instruction

 Teaching at all levels of education must be
founded on the activity of the learner. Concepts
CANNOT be taught through verbal instruction.

Six Principles
1. The teacher should create an environment and
an atmosphere in which children will be active
and will initiate and complete their own
activities. The teacher should provide time to
spare and materials to complete self-initiated
activities.

Six Principles
2. Teachers should give feedback to their students
when dealing with social-arbitrary knowledge,
but when it comes to physical and logical-
mathematical knowledge feedback should not
be given.

Six Principles
3. Teachers should let the preoperational child go
through stages of being “wrong”.

Six Principles
4. Teachers should know that some types of
knowledge are best learned and motivated
through interaction with other children.

Six Principles
5. View all Aspects of Knowledge as inseparable.

Six Principles
6. If you want a child to acquire a specific fact or
piece of content that is not available to him,
teach it directly and reinforce the learning.

Other Teaching Considerations
 Teachers are organizers of the learning process.
 Teachers are assessors of the child’s thinking.
 Teachers are initiators of group activities
 Materials
 Development is not automatic
 Accelerations

References
 A Brief Biography of Jean Piaget – Piaget
Archives.
 Jean Piaget – Psychology History
 The Piaget Handbook for Teachers and Parents
– Teachers’ College Press
 Piaget for the Classroom Teacher – Wadsworth
 Knowledge and Development – Easly
 The Teaching of Young Children – Schoken
 Piaget in the Classroom – Shwebel and Ralph

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