Individual Attitude & Job satisfaction

INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDE &
JOB SATISFACTION
DR. ANAMIKA RAI
DEPT OF APPLIED
PSYCHOLOGY
SPMC, DU

*Introduction
*Attitude
*Components of attitude
*Types of attitude
*Job satisfaction
*Factors determining job satisfaction
*Effect of Job satisfaction on performance
*Personal factors having influence on job satisfaction (Koldalkar) Age,
Gender, Religion, Marital status, emotions, tenure, etc

INTRODUCTION - VALUE
Value, attitude and behavior are interlinked with each other. All these
factors decide the personality of an individual. Value shapes our
attitude and behavior.
Value represents individual’s standards, faith, ideals or even events
and activity. Value represents basic conviction that “a specific mode
of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state
of existence”.
Value is more permanent while the attitude is less stable and can be
changed.

TYPES OF VALUES
Rokeach Value Survey-
Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach
Value Survey consisting of two sets of
values, with each containing 18
individual value items.
Terminal Values - Desirable end-states
of existence; the goals that a person
would like to achieve during his or her
lifetime. e. g. : A comfortable life,
Equality, National Security, Self-respect.
Instrumental Values - Preferable modes
of behavior or means of achieving one’s
terminal values. e. g. : Ambitious,
Courageous, and Obedient

ATTITUDES
Attitudes are evaluative statements that are either favorable or
unfavorable concerning objects, people, or events.
Attitudes are not the same as values, but the two are interrelated.
Main Difference is values are ideals, whereas attitudes are narrow.
They are feelings, thoughts and behavioral tendencies towards a
specific object or situation.
Attitude is a predisposition to respond to a certain set of facts.

ATTITUDE DEFINITIONS
Attitude can be defined as “individual’s feelings about or inclinations
towards other persons, objects, events or activities.” Attitude
encompasses such affective feelings as likes and dislikes and
satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
According to G.W. Allport, “Attitude is a mental and neutral state of
readiness organized through experience, exerting a directive or
dynamic influence upon individual’s response to all objects and
situations with which it is related.”
Krech and Crutchfield defined “attitude as an enduring organization
of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes with
respect to some aspect of the individual’s world”
According to Katz and Scotland, “Attitude is a tendency or
predisposition to evaluate an object or symbol of that object in a
certain way”.

BELIEFS – VALUES – ATTITUDES –
BEHAVIOR - OC

COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE
(a) Affective component:
Affective component of attitude is related to person’s feelings about another
person, which may be positive, negative or neutral. For eg. She does not like
Maya because she is not hard working, or I like Mina because she is hard
working. It is an expression of feelings about a person, object or a situation.
(b) Behavioral component:
Behavioral component of attitude is related to impact of various situations or
objects that lead to individual’s behavior based on cognitive and affective
components. I do not like Maya because she is not hard working is an
affective component, I therefore would like to disassociate myself with her,
is a behavioral component and therefore I would avoid Maya.
(c) Cognitive component:
Cognitive component of attitude is related to value statement. It consists of
belief, ideas, values and other information that an individual may possess or
has faith in. For eg. Quality of working hard is a value statement or faith that

TYPES OF ATTITUDE
Job satisfaction:
Job satisfaction is related to
general attitude towards the
job. Job satisfaction is
important because it displays
demonstrated relationship to
performance and value
preferences.
Job satisfaction is an attitude
rather than a behavior. It is
negatively related to
absenteeism and employee
turnover.

Job involvement:
Job involvement refers to the degree to which a person identifies himself
(psychologically) with his job, actively participates and considers his
perceived performance level important to self-worth. (Robbins).
High level of involvement indicates that the individual cares for his job,
that has an impact on high productivity.
Higher the job satisfaction, lower will be absenteeism and employee
turnover
CONTINUED…….

Organizational commitment:
Organizational commitment refers to degree to which an employee
identifies himself with the organizational goals and wishes to maintain
membership in the organization.
He wants to “belong” to the organization and take an active part in the its
functioning. Absenting or resigning from the job versus job satisfaction is
a predictor of organizational commitment.
CONTINUED…….

JOB SATISFACTION
Job satisfaction is one of most important factors in the study of human
behavior in the organization. It focuses on employee attitude towards their
job.
It has three important dimensions:
(a) JS can be measured by the emotional response to a job situation, hence
it cannot be seen, and it can only be inferred.
(b) JS is related to what you actually get as reward and what you expect to
get. If the difference between the actual reward and expectation is
minimum or negligible them a person will display a positive attitude and if
there is wide difference between the two, a person will display a negative
attitude towards his job and therefore the satisfaction level will be low.
(c) Job satisfaction is related to job dimensions. These can be expressed in
terms of job content, remuneration, attitude of co-workers, and opportunity
of growth that job is able to provide in terms of promotion and last but not
the least the expert loyal and experienced leadership is available in terms of
supervision.

FACTORS DETERMINING JOB
SATISFACTION
1. Work Content:
Content of the work itself is a major source of satisfaction. The work
must be challenging. It should lend itself opportunities to use
employee skills, ability and experience. The content of the work
should be encouraging and interesting and have variety inbuilt in it so
that it is not boring. Positive feedback from the job and autonomy
has been considered to be important for motivation of employees.
2. Pay and promotion policy:
Salary and wages play decisive part in the study of job satisfaction.
Equitable rewards is multidimental in nature. The benefits are of
varied nature namely pay, perks and rewards are associated with
motivation of employees. Employee wages and salary must ensure
him the social status and should be able to fulfill the expectations.

Supportive working condition:
Working conditions have a modest but lasting effect on job satisfaction.
Due to fast development of technology, it is necessary that the
organizations are operating on upgraded technology, latest systems and
procedures. The place should be neat and clean with necessary facilities
as per Factories Act. Light, ventilation, cleanliness, enough space for
work, immediate availability of supervision, adequate latest tools and
generally good surrounding will definitely add to job satisfaction. If the
work place were closer to home, it would add to employee retention.
Work group:
Work group of multi skilled persons with one goal will be able to
function effectively if they are friendly and co-operative. The work group
serves as a source of support, comfort, advice and assistance to
individual worker. A good work group makes the job more enjoyable. If
the reverse conditions prevail, the people may not be able to get along
with each other and the level of job satisfaction will be reduced.
CONTINUED…….

Supervision:
Qualified supervisors should be available for advice, guidance and
problem solving. Supervisors should be placed close to the place of
work and should be available. They should take personal interest in
the affairs of employees both on personal and official level.
Supervision is related to leadership.
Personality job fit:
Individuals should be assigned the job, that suit their interest.
Recently it has been seen that MBA graduates are satisfied with their
job if they get the job related to the “specialisation” they have chosen
during the MBA degree. Persons having analytical approach should be
assigned job in R&D department so that their level of job satisfaction
increases.
CONTINUED…….

EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION ON
PERFORMANCE
1. Satisfaction and productivity
Hawthorne studies, further research to prove that “happy workers are
productive” was carried out, which has been proved negative.
Based on the conclusion of Hawthorne studies, managers began their efforts
to make their employees happier by improving work conditions, providing
Laissez-faire type of leadership, expanding various facilities to the workers,
but it has been found that there is no direct relationship between happiness
and productivity.
Robins concluded that productive workers are likely to be happy workers.
Further research on the subject suggests that organization having happy
workers might have increased productivity. On individual level it may not be
true due to complexity of environment, work processes, various systems and
sub systems having impact on the individual employee.
V.H. Vroom3 . Productivity is considered as reward for hard work which is

2. Satisfaction and absenteeism
Absenteeism refers to individual absenting himself from the job or
work place without any notice. When an individual is not happy with
his work, he generally absents him/herself.
Apart from causing personal loss in terms of wages, it also causes
great amount of inconvenience to the organization and hampers work
schedule and productivity.
There is an inverse relationship between satisfaction and
absenteeism. When workers are more satisfied the absenteeism is
low. When satisfaction level is low absenteeism tends to be high.
Employees having high satisfaction would not necessarily result in to
low absenteeism but those having low satisfaction level would
definitely have high absenteeism.
CONTINUED…….

3. Satisfaction and turnover
It has been found that employees who are not satisfied with their jobs
will have high turnover. Employees who are satisfied will not have
high turnover.
Satisfaction is also negatively related to turnover but the co-relation
is stronger than what we found in absenteeism. Employee
performance is a moderating factor of the satisfaction—Turnover
relationship.
Organization cares for such high performers and their retention. Poor
performers do not leave the organization for fear of lack of job
opportunity outside.
CONTINUED…….

4. Organizational Commitment
Organizational commitment is defined as
(a) a strong desire to remain member of a particular organization
(b) willingness to exert high level of efforts on behalf of the
organization, and
(c) a definite belief in and acceptance of value and goals of the
organization. (R.T. Mowday, L.W. porter, and R.M. Steers)
In other words, employees display an attitude of belonging to the
organization, a sense of “MY” organization. They continue to do so
even after they leave the organization.
Of late a concept of organizational citizenship is used. It indicates a
sense of belonging to a particular organization as if you were citizen
of that organization, but it depends as to the contribution made by
organization to have developed such feelings.
CONTINUED…….

JOB SATISFACTION AND
DISSATISFACTION

JS & THEORY X - Y
Douglas
McGregor, an
American social
Psychologist
proposed his
theory in his
book “The
Human Side of
Enterprise” in
1960

JS & FEDRICK HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR
THEORY OF MOTIVATION

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