Office automation system using arduino

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
The project is aimed to automate the office environment. The Office systems are among
the newest and most rapidly expanding computer based information systems. The
backbone of office automation is the LAN which allows users to transmit data. The project
identifies the employee entering the office greets the user with his name. No longer are a
sharp pencil and a legal pad enough to make you competitive as a business organization.
As computers have infiltrated and entrenched themselves in the world of big business so
also have they trickled down to companies and made themselves a necessity in every
business setting. The Project makes use of sensors to automate the whole office
environment. The project identifies the employee entering the office automatically, it greets
the user with his name. The attendance for all employees is done automatically. The
employee enters, swaps his RFID-card containing the user identification into the RFID-
reader the information is read using the Communication API’s .Each of the RFID card is
unique and the code in the tag cannot be changed or copied. So the identity of the employee
remains intact. Here for energy saving purpose and automatic control for office electronics
equipment motion detector have been used. For which when there is no one in the room
then all the electrical and electronics will be turned off after some time. The delay time can
be fixed which is needed. There is also a flame sensor which works to notify when there is
a fire. It is used for safety purposes.
1.2 Objectives:
The objective of this project is to build a secure and safe working environment in an office.
To give every employee a tagged ID card. To make an automatic door control using that
card. To make an automatic control on electrical component when there is anyone in that
room. To save energy when there is no one in the office room. And to create a safe system
from fire using fire alert option.

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1.3 Required Hardware:
 Arduino UNO
 RFID
 RFID tag
 PIR motion sensor
 Flame sensor
 LCD display 20*4
 Potentiometer 10K
1.4 Required software:
 Arduino IDE
 PCB schematic
 Pad to Pad
 Fritzing

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CHAPTER 2
DETAILS OF THE COMPONENTS
2.1Arduino:
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can
tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst
case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again. "Uno" means
one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno
board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino,
now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current,
past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards. [1]
Fig 2.1: Arduino

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2.1.1 Arduino specification:
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5v
Input voltage 7-12v
Input voltage limit 6-20v
Digital I/O Pins 6
Analogue input Pins 6
DC current perI/O pins 20 mA
DC current for 3.3v Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory Of which o.5KB is used
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1KB
Clock Speed 16MHz
Length 68.6mm
Width 53.4nm
Weight 25g
Table 2.1
2.1.2 Arduino programming:
The Arduino/Genuino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software (IDE)).Select
"Arduino/Genuino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on
your board). The ATmega328 on the Arduino/Genuino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
boot loader that allows us to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header
files).
We can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar. The ATmega16U2/8U2
is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the
map of Italy) and then rese ing the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. [1]
2.1.3 Warnings:
The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal

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protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied
to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or
overload is removed. [1]
2.1.4 Differences with other boards:
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. [1]
2.1.5 Power:
The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and VIN pin headers
of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). One can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can
be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V
pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.
 IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the
IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V. [1]
2.1.6 Memory:
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the boot loader). It also has 2 KB
of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library). [1]

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2.1.7 Input & Output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin mode
(), digital write (), and digital read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-
up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value
that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the
microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach
interrupt () function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog write ()
function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analog reference () function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board. [1]

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Fig 2.2: Pin Specification
2.1.8 Communication:
Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1
(TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the
standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an
.inf file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board
will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection
to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software serial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino Software
(IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library. [1]
2.1.9Automatic (Software) Reset:
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the

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ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano farad
capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset
the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to upload code by
simply pressing the upload button in the interface toolbar. This means that the boot loader
can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start
of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the
Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection
is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data
when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second
after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either
side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You
may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the
reset line.[ 1 ]
2.2 Servo Motor:
Servo motors have been around for a long time and are utilized in many applications. They
are small in size but pack a big punch and are very energy-efficient. These features allow
them to be used to operate remote-controlled or radio-controlled toy cars, robots and
airplanes. Servo motors are also used in industrial applications, robotics, in-line
manufacturing, pharmaceutics and food services. The servo circuitry is built right inside
the motor unit and has a positional shaft, which usually is fitted with a gear (as shown
below). The motor is controlled with an electric signal which determines the amount of
movement of the shaft.
To fully understand how the servo works, you need to take a look under the hood. Inside
there is a pretty simple set-up: a small DC motor, potentiometer, and a control circuit. The
motor is attached by gears to the control wheel. As the motor rotates, the potentiometer's
resistance changes, so the control circuit can precisely regulate how much movement there
is and in which direction. When the shaft of the motor is at the desired position, power
supplied to the motor is stopped. If not, the motor is turned in the appropriate direction.
The desired position is sent via electrical pulses through the signal wire. The motor's speed
is proportional to the difference between its actual position and desired position. So if the
motor is near the desired position, it will turn slowly, otherwise it will turn fast. This is
called proportional control. This means the motor will only run as hard as necessary to
accomplish the task at hand, a very efficient little guy. [2]

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Fig 2.3: Servo motor
2.2.1 Controlling of servo:
Servos are controlled by sending an electrical pulse of variable width, or pulse width
modulation (PWM), through the control wire. There is a minimum pulse, a maximum
pulse, and a repetition rate. A servo motor can usually only turn 90 degrees in either
direction for a total of 180 degree movement. The motor's neutral position is defined as the
position where the servo has the same amount of potential rotation in the both the clockwise
or counter-clockwise direction. The PWM sent to the motor determines position of the
shaft, and based on the duration of the pulse sent via the control wire; the rotor will turn to
the desired position. The servo motor expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms)
and the length of the pulse will determine how far the motor turns. For example, a 1.5ms
pulse will make the motor turn to the 90-degree position. Shorter than 1.5ms moves it to 0
degrees, and any longer than 1.5ms will turn the servo to 180 degrees.
When these servos are commanded to move, they will move to the position and hold that
position. If an external force pushes against the servo while the servo is holding a position,
the servo will resist from moving out of that position. The maximum amount of force the
servo can exert is called the torque rating of the servo. Servos will not hold their position
forever though; the position pulse must be repeated to instruct the servo to stay in position.
[ 2 ]

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Fig 2.4: Parts of a Servo
2.3 Flame sensor:
The Grove - Flame Sensor can be used to detect fire source or other light sources of the
wavelength in the range of 760nm - 1100 nm. It is based on the YG1006 sensor which is a
high speed and high sensitive NPN silicon phototransistor. Due to its black epoxy, the
sensor is sensitive to infrared radiation. In firefighting robot game, the sensor plays a very
important role, it can be used as a robot eyes to find the fire source.[3]
Fig 2.5: Flame sensor
2.3.1 Feature:
 Grove Interface
 High Photo Sensitivity
 Fast Response Time
 Easy to use
 Sensitivity can adjustable

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2.3.2 Specification:
Item Min Typical Max Unit
Voltage 4.75 5.0 5.30 VDC
Current / 20 / mA
Range of Spectral
Bandwidth
760 940 1100 nm
Detection range 0 ~ 1 m
Response Time 15 μS
Operating Temperature -25 ~ 85 ℃
Table 2.2
2.3.3 Usage:
The module is mainly used to detect the infrared light. It outputs digital signal 0 and 1
through a Comparator output. The output value will be 0 when infrared light is detected.
And the sensitivity is adjustable by the precision potentiometer.
Let's use it to control. When the output value is 0, the led will light up.
 1. Connect the module to the D3 of Grove - Base Shield using the 4-pin grove cable.
 2. Plug the Grove - Base Shield into Arduino.
 3. Connect Arduino to PC by using a USB cable.
 4. Copy and paste code below to a new Arduino sketch. Please click here if you do
not know how to upload.
 5. The LED will light up when there is infrared light. Please use it to design your
products. [3]

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2.3.4 Graphical view:
Sensor can detect the light source whose wavelength is in the range of 760nm - 1100 nm.
The below picture shows the spectral sensitivity. [3]
Fig 2.6: Range of sensitivity of flame sensor.
2.4 RFID:
As a self-confessed tin-hatter and someone who has worked with asset management and
inventory controls, I’ve got a lot of interest in RFID technology. I’ll get to that in a few
paragraphs. First off, one need to know what RFID is an initialization of – Radio Frequency
Identification Tag. The initialization is pronounced ARE-FID. Well, they are a way of
assigning unique data to whatever they are applied to. Like a barcode or an ISBN number
in some ways. The problem with things like bar codes is that they can get damaged or even
switched. Some people to try to get expensive things cheaper – highly illegal. An RFID tag
can be as small as a grain of black pepper and be embedded right into a product’s
packaging, or the product itself. So you can start to see some of the benefits here.

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Most RFID’s do not have an internal power source, like a battery, but some do. I’m going
to cover the ones that don’t, as they are the ones that are most popular. The RFID
technology has two components – the reader and the tag. The reader has two parts – a
transceiver and an antenna. The transceiver generates a weak radio signal that may have a
range from a few feet to a few yards. The signal is necessary to wake or activate the tag
and is transmitted through the antenna. The signal itself is a form of energy that can be
used to power the tag.
The transponder is the part of the RFID tag that converts that radio frequency into usable
power, as well as sends and receives messages. When the transponder is hit by the radio
waves, the waves go up and down the length of the transceiver, oscillating. You might
know that when a wire passes through any sort of magnetic or electric field, it can convert
and conduct that field down its length. Like those flashlights, where you shake them and a
magnet goes back and forth through a copper coil, creating electromotive force.
Now that the RFID has some power to work with, it wakes up the transponder. The
transponder immediately upon being woken up, spews out all the information it has stored
on it. This whole process can take as little as a few milliseconds. Imagine having friend
who was hypnotized to wake up upon hearing a code word, tell you his name and phone
number, and then fall immediately back to sleep. Yet he wouldn’t do this no matter what
else you said. Funny, yes it is. That’s pretty much what RFID technology does.[4]
2.4.1 Mifare MFRC522 RFID Reader/Writer:
There are cheap RFID modules that can read and write Mifare's tags and being sold at
several web stores, like eBay and included with many "starter kits" nowadays. Simply
search RFID-RC522 (MF-RC522). The microcontroller and card reader uses SPI for
communication (chip supports I2C and UART protocols but not implemented on library)
(Maybe someone implements?). The card reader and the tags communicate using a
13.56MHz electromagnetic field. (ISO 14443A standard tags). [5]
2.4.2 General description on RFID:
The MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless communication at
13.56 MHz the MFRC522 reader supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG. The
MFRC522’s internal transmitter is able to drive a reader/writer antenna designed to
communicate with ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE cards and transponders without additional
active circuitry. The receiver module provides a robust and efficient implementation for
Demodulating and decoding signals from ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE compatible cards
and transponders. The digital module manages the complete ISO/IEC 14443 a framing and
error detection (parity and CRC) functionality. The MFRC522 supports MF1xxS20,

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MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 products. The MFRC522 supports contactless communication
and uses MIFARE higher transfer speeds up to 848 kBd in both directions. [6]
Fig 2.7: RFID-RC522
2.4.3 Features & Benefits:
1. Highly integrated analog circuitry to demodulate and decode responses
2. Buffered output drivers for connecting an antenna with the minimum
number of external components
3. Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG
4. Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode up to 50 mm depending on
the antenna size and tuning
5. Supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 encryption in Read/Write
mode
6. Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A higher transfer speed communication up to 848
kBdSupports MFIN/MFOUT
7. Additional internal power supply to the smart card IC connected via
MFIN/MFOUT
8. Supported host interfaces
9. SPI up to 10 Mbit/s
10. C-bus interface up to 400 kBd in Fast mode, up to 3400 kBd in High-speed
mode
11. RS232 Serial UART up to 1228.8 kBd, with voltage levels dependent on
pin voltage supply
12. FIFO buffer handles 64 byte send and receive Flexible interrupt modes Hard
reset with low power function & power-down by software mode
Programmable timer
13. Internal oscillator for connection to 27.12 MHz quartz crystal
14. 2.5 V to 3.3 V power supply
15. CRC coprocessor
16. Programmable I/O pins and internal self-test [6]

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2.5 PIR motion sensor:
Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensor is an electronic device commonly used in security lighting,
and burglar alarm systems. A PIR sensor is a motion detector which detects the heat
(infrared) emitted naturally by humans and animals. When a person in the field of vision
of the sensor moves, the sensor detects a sudden change in infrared energy and the sensor
is triggered (activated).Passive Infrared Detectors At the front of a PIR sensor unit is a
fresnel lens (pictured above). This special kind of lens is used to gather light from a very
wide field of view and focus it directly onto a passive infrared sensor (as shown
below).Some electronics inside the PIR sensor unit then decide whether the infrared light
detected is from a warm moving body, and if so, triggers a switch. [7]
2.5.1 Uses:
A commonest use for a PIR sensor is automatic security lighting. Whenever a suitably
large (and therefore probably human) warm body moves in the field of view of the sensor,
a floodlight is switched on automatically and left on for a fixed period of time - typically
30-90 seconds *. This can be used to deter burglars as well as providing lighting when you
arrive home at night. The duration the light is left on for can usually be set by the user.
Such PIR security lighting systems are available. [7]
2.5.2 Weaknesses of PIR sensors:
In order for a PIR sensor to work well most of the time, they are designed with certain
limitations. A PIR sensor cannot detect a stationary or very slowly moving body - if the
sensor was set to the required sensitivity, it would be activated by the cooling of a nearby
wall in the evening, or by very small animals. Similarly, if someone walks straight towards
a PIR sensor, it will not detect them until they are very close by. PIR sensors are
temperature sensitive - they work optimally at ambient air temperatures of around 15-20
degrees Celsius. If the temperature is over 30 degrees, the field of view narrows and the
sensor will be less sensitive. Alternatively, if the temperature is below 15 degrees, the field
of view widens and smaller or more distant objects will activate the sensor. [7]
2.5.3 Working Process:
Here, we are using a PIR motion sensor. PIR stands for Passive Infrared. This motion
sensor consists of a fresnel lens, an infrared detector and supporting detection circuitry.
The lens on the sensor focuses any infrared radiation/wavelengths present around it
towards the infrared detector. Our bodies generate infrared heat and as a result this gets
picked up by the motion sensor. The sensor outputs a 5V signal for a period of one minute
as soon as it detects us. It offers a tentative range of detection of about 6-7 m and is highly
sensitive. The output from the sensor (5V) is used to trigger a transistor BC547. The
transistor then switches on a 5V relay. The relay correspondingly switches your appliance
ON. [7]

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Fig 2.8: PIR motion sensor
2.6 LCD:
Here is brief data for the Systronix 20x4 character LCD. We're not aware of any
incompatibilities between the two - at least we have never seen any in all the code and
custom applications we have done. This 20x4 LCD is electrically and mechanically
interchangeable with 20x4 LCDs from several other vendors. The only differences we've
seen among different 20x4 LCDs are:
1) LED backlight brightness, voltage and current vary widely, as does the quality of the
display
2) There is a resistor “Rf” which sets the speed of the LCD interface by controlling the
internal oscillator frequency. Several displays we have evaluated have a low resistor value.
This makes the display too slow. Looking at the Hitachi data sheet page 56, it appears that
perhaps the “incorrect” resistor is really intended for 3V use of the displays. At 5V the
resistor Rf should be 91 K ohms. At 3V it should be 75 K ohms. Using a 3V display at 5V
is acceptable from a voltage standpoint (the display can operate on 3-5V) but the oscillator
will then be running too slowly. One fix is to always check the busy flag and not use a
fixed time delay in your code, then it will work regardless of the LCD speed. The other
option is to always allow enough delay for the slower display. All systronix 20x4 LCDs
have the 91 K ohm resistor and are intended for 5V operation. [8]

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2.6.1 Specification:
Gross Weight (kg) 0.1000
Manufacturer East Rising
Continuity Supply
We promise the long term continuity supply for this product no
less than 10 years since 2015.
Part Number ERM2004SYG-2
Display Format 20x4 Character
Interface 6800 4-bit Parallel , 6800 8-bit Parallel
IC or Equivalent AIP31066 , HD44780, KS0066 , SPLC780 , ST7066
Appearance Black on Yellow Green
Diagonal Size No
Connection Pin Header
Outline Dimension 98.00(W)x60.0(H)x14.0(T)mm
Visual Area 76.00x25.20mm
Active Area 70.40(W)x20.80(H)mm
Character Size 2.95x4.75mm
Dot (Pixel) Size 0.55x0.55mm
Dot (Pixel) Pitch 0.60x0.60mm
IC Package COB
Display Type STN-LCD Yellow Green
Touch Panel Optional No
Sunlight Readable Yes
Response Time(Type) No

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Contrast Ratio(Type) No
Colors No
Viewing Direction 6:00
Viewing Angle Range No
Brightness(Type) No
Backlight Color White Color
Backlight Current
(Type)
75mA
Power Supply(Type) 3.3V, 5V
Supply Current for
LCM(Max)
2000uA
Operating Temperature -20℃~70℃
Storage Temperature -30℃~80℃
Series Number ERM2004-2 [8]
Fig 2.9: LCD Display.

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2.7 Potentiometer:
An adjustable potentiometer can open up many interesting user interfaces. Turn the pot and
the resistance changes. Connect VCC to an outer pin, GND to the other, and the center pin
will have a voltage that varies from 0 to VCC depending on the rotation of the pot. Hook
the center pin to an ADC on a microcontroller and get a variable input from the user. This
pot has a ¼" mounting diameter and has a 10K linear taper. Check the datasheet for
dimensional drawings. [9]
This potentiometer is a two-in-one, good in a breadboard or with a panel. It’s a fairly
standard linear taper 10K ohm potentiometer, with a grippy shaft. It’s smooth and easy to
turn, but not so loose that it will shift on its own. We like this one because the legs are 0.2"
apart with pin-points, so you can plug it into a breadboard or perfboard. Once you're done
prototyping, you can drill a hole into your project box and mount the potentiometer that
way. [10]
Fig 2.10: Potentiometer

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CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT OPERARTION
3.1 Block diagram:
Fig 3.1: Block diagram.
3.2 Circuit Working Procedure:
Here LCD is an output device, Arduino is processing device, flame, and PIR and RFID are
input devices. If we take flame sensor then it has 3 pins one is output pin and other two are
vcc +5V and GND pins. It is actually a photo diode. When it gets a frequency of 760nm to
1100 nm wavelength its output gets lower than 100. And so it means fire is detected. Its
sensitivity can be controlled by a regulator. For PIR motion sensor there are 3 pins one is
output and other two are +5V and GND. When there is a change in infrared rays in the
room it detects motion and then its output is high. There are three other pins buy shorting
any two of them we can control the pulse if it is continuous or single pulse. There are also
two regulators to control their range and delay. Here we have used RFID RC5222. The
reader has two parts – a transceiver and an antenna. The transceiver generates a weak radio
signal that may have a range from a few feet to a few yards. The signal is necessary to wake
or activate the tag and is transmitted through the antenna. The signal itself is a form of

21
energy that can be used to power the tag. The transponder is the part of the RFID tag that
converts that radio frequency into usable power, as well as sends and receives messages.
When the transponder is hit by the radio waves, the waves go up and down the length of
the transceiver, oscillating. You might know that when a wire passes through any sort of
magnetic or electric field, it can convert and conduct that field down its length. Like those
flashlights, where you shake them and a magnet goes back and forth through a copper coil,
creating electromotive force. Now that the RFID has some power to work with, it wakes
up the transponder. The transponder immediately upon being woken up, spews out all the
information it has stored on it. This whole process can take as little as a few milliseconds.
Behind the tag number we can save a specific persons data and use the tag as their id card.
For LCD there is 4 data bus lines. It takes power from Arduino. It has a reset pin and there
is a pin to control the brightness. We use there a 10K potentiometer to control its brightness.
3.3 Schematic Diagram:
Fig 3.2: Schematic diagram

22
3.4 PCB layout:
Fig 3.3: PCB designed.

23
CHAPTER 4
OUTCOME OF ANALYSIS:
4.1 Advantages:
1. RFID tags can be read, and the data on the tag can be rewritten or modified as
needed.
2. RFID tags don’t need to be directly in sight of an RFID reader. Because RFID uses
radio waves to communicate, RFID tags only need to be within the read range of
the reader, which will vary depending on the equipment.
3. RFID tags specifically designed to work in harsh conditions. A durable hardcase
protects these RFID tags from impacts, heat, moisture, and changing weather
conditions. As mentioned previously, since RFID tags are updatable, they can be
reused, which will cut costs in deployments.
4. With RFID tags, data is much more secure as the information has the ability to be
encrypted. Also, it’s much more difficult to replicate RFID tags recognized in the
system.
5. RFID systems can read multiple tags at the same time, and do not need line of sight.
Since RFID readers are capable of reading hundreds of tags at once, the increase in
read rate saves you time that can be spent elsewhere.
6. The technology is stable, and evolving, with open architectures becoming
increasingly available.
7. Application of PIR sensor is good for security reasons.
8. PIR is good source of saving energy.
9. In this globalization world save electricity is the important fact and PIR sensor
looks after it effectively.
10. Some of the other places where PIR sensor can be used are hospital, super market,
and library, grocery stores, parking area, garden and many such public places.
11. Flame sensor detect fires and explosions in about 3-4 ms. The UV detector can
accurately distinguish the type of flame the moment it spots a small flame. The
downside is that these detectors detect even sunlight, radiation, arc welding and
lightning, and short wave UV cannot penetrate dust, smoke, fuel particles and oil
films.
12. Only employees can enter & intruder can’t be prevented.
13. We can get alert when there is a fire.
14. We can turn on the light, fan or other components when there is any one in the
room.
15. Identity of the person can be seen when they use their card to enter.

24
4.2 Limitations & Future Scopes:
 When main power is turned off, there is no auxiliary power to back it up.
 Face Detection can be added to identify the entered person more perfectly.
 By using a memory device the entering and outgoing data of the people can be
stored.
 For practical implementation we will be able to produce it industrially at a cheap
rate.
 RFID can be used in industrial purposes to tag elements.
 RFID can be used at tagging vehicle at toll collecting booth.
 PIR can also be used for theft alert too.

25
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
1. Motion sensor is working perfectly and it’s detecting any kind of motion perfectly.
2. The motion sensor works in 110 degree which can easily cover a room
3. For RFID only the person who has ID (RFID tag) can enter.
4. The shouldering on PCB board have been done perfectly.
5. It also gives an alarm when there is a fire.
6. PCB was designed by ‘pad to pad’ software.
7. For schematic diagram ‘express schematic’ was used.
8. The PCB board is made of FR4 dielectric material.
9. For shouldering PCB shouldering iron, shouldering wire an resinic acid was used.

26
Reference:
Reference: Reference
no.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno 1
http://www.jameco.com/jameco/workshop/howitworks/how-servo-motors-
work.html
2
http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/Grove_-_Flame_Sensor 3
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-how-do-rfid-
tags-work/
4
http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/MFRC522 5
http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MFRC522.pdf 6
http://diyhacking.com/pir-motion-sensor-automate-home/ 7
http://www.buydisplay.com/default/lcd-module-20x4-display-
datasheet-character-hd44780-black-on-yg
8
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/9939 9
https://www.adafruit.com/product/562 10

27
APPENDIX:
Program o Arduino:
//-----------------------RFID--------------------//
#include <SPI.h>
#include <RFID.h>
#include <Servo.h>
#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9
Servo myservo;
int pos = 0;
RFID rfid(SS_PIN,RST_PIN);
int serNum[5];
int cards[][5] = {
{132,1,219,233,183},
{110,41,232,213,122}
};
int x;
int i;
bool access = false;
bool a = false;
bool b = false;
//-------------------------rfid--------------------------//

28
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(A4, A5, 5, 4, 3, 2);
int ledPin=7;
int pirPin=A0;
int val=0;
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
int sensorPin = A1;
int sensorValue = 0;
int led = A2; // Output pin for LED for flame
void setup(){
SPI.begin();
rfid.init();
myservo.attach(8);
pinMode (ledPin,OUTPUT);
pinMode (pirPin,INPUT);
lcd.begin(20, 4);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
val=digitalRead(pirPin);
digitalWrite(ledPin,val);

29
if (val==1)
{digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("motion detected");
}
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.print(sensorValue);
if (sensorValue < 100)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("fire detected");
delay(500);
Serial.println("LED on");
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
delay(500);
}
else{
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(sensorValue);
}
//---------------------------------------RFID*****************************//
pos=0;

30
myservo.write(pos);
if(rfid.isCard()){
if(rfid.readCardSerial())
{
Serial.print(rfid.serNum[0]);
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.println("");
for( x = 0; x < sizeof(cards); x++)
{
for( i = 0; i < sizeof(rfid.serNum); i++ )
{
if(rfid.serNum[i] != cards[x][i])
{
access = false;

31
break;
}
else access=true;
if(cards[x][i] != cards[0][i])
{
a = false;
}
else a=true;
if(cards[x][i] != cards[1][i])
{
b = false;
}
else b=true;
}
if (access) break;
}
} if (a) {lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Roll:124006");
delay(1000);}
if (b) {lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Ashfaqul Haque Roll:124006");
delay(1000);}

32
if (access) {lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("welcome");
for (pos = 0; pos <= 90; pos += 1) { // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
// in steps of 1 degree
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(20); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
for (pos = 90; pos >= 0; pos -= 1) { // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(30); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
delay(4000);}
else {lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("unknown");}
}
//---------------------------rfid******************************//
lcd.clear();
}

Office automation system using arduino

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