Johny's A&P fluid and electrolyte balance
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The document provides an overview of fluid compartments, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in the human body. The body contains two main fluid compartments - intracellular fluid within cells and extracellular fluid outside of cells. Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate are important for fluid balance, nerve impulses, and pH regulation. The body maintains acid-base balance through buffer systems, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and kidney excretion of acids and bases. Imbalances can occur if the pH level rises above or falls below the normal range of 7.35-7.45.
Johny's A&P fluid and electrolyte balance
- 1. Overview of Fluids,Fluids, ElectrolytesElectrolytes BalanceBalance Mr. Johny Kutty Joseph, M.Sc (N), RN, RM Assistant Professor Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Coll
- 2. Fluid CompartmentsFluid Compartments The human body consists of 55-60% of water. Body fluids are mainly present in two compartments such as Intracellular space/cystosol and Extracellular space. The ECF consist of 80% interstitial fluid(between cells) and 20%plasma in blood. The interstitial fluids also include CSF, lymph, synovial fluid etc. The barriers that separate ICF, interstitial fluid and blood are plasma membrane and wall of the blood vessels. The body maintains the fluid balance by means of filtration reabsorption, diffusion and osmosis.
- 3. Solute the substance that dissolved Solvent substance in which solute is dissolved Osmolality concentration of solute per kg of water Osmolarity concentration of solute per L of solution Solution- substance that dissolve in other substances
- 4. Composition of the Body FluidsComposition of the Body Fluids The fluids circulating throughout the body in ECF & ICF spaces contain: 1. Electrolytes 2. Minerals 3. Cells
- 5. Definition:Definition: Diffusion is the natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. OsmosisOsmosis fluid shift to the membrane from the region of low concentration to the region of high concentration. Active TransportActive Transport this is movement of molecules against a concentration as they move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration and requires an energy. FiltrationFiltration movement of water & solutes occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low.
- 6. OsmosisOsmosis Figure 2. FluidFluid High SolutionHigh Solution Concentration,Concentration, Low FluidLow Fluid ConcentrationConcentration Low SoluteLow Solute Concentration,Concentration, High FluidHigh Fluid ConcentrationConcentration
- 7. DiffusionDiffusion High Solute ConcentrationHigh Solute Concentration Low Solute ConcentrationLow Solute Concentration FluidFluid SolutesSolutes Figure 3.
- 8. Active transportActive transport KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ KK ++ATPATP ATPATP ATPATP ATPATP NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ NaNa ++ Figure 4. INTRACELLULAR FLUIDINTRACELLULAR FLUID EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDEXTRACELLULAR FLUID
- 12. Water regulation The main source of water for body are ingestion of water and moist foods throgh GI. The other source is metabolic water that is produced in the body during cellular respiration. Body fluids moreover remain constant. Daily water gain is about 2500ml and loss is also the same. The intake of water is regulated by the thirst centre in hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is controlled by kidneys by RAA pathway. (dehydration secrete renin.)
- 13. Water regulation Another factor that control the fluid loss are Na and Cl. These are the major ions present ECF which regulate the process of Osmosis and thus the fluid balance. Two hormones also help in control fluid loss such as aldosterone and ANP. The hormone from posterior pituitary ADH/vasopressin also regulate the urine output and thus the fluid volume.
- 14. Electrolytes Chemically, electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution & acquire the capacity to conduct electricity. They control the process of Osmosis. Ions help to maintain acid-base balance required for normal cellular functioning. ions also carry electrical current which allow the production of action potentials. Some ions act as cofactors for increase enzyme activity. For example, Mg2 is used in glycolysis. An anion is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge. A cation is an ion with fewer electrons than protons,
- 15. Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na) The most abundant ions in the ECF: 90% 136 to 148 mEq/L is the normal level. Major positive ion in fluid outside the cells. Regulates the total amount of water in the body & the transmission of into & out of cells. (osmolarity) The Na level is controlled by aldosterone, ADH and ANP. Hyponatremia: decreased level of Na. Hypernatremia: increased level of Na.
- 16. Potassium (K+)Potassium (K+) It is abundant in ICF. Plays major role in establishing resting membrane potential. Also helps in regulation of pH. 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L is the normal range. Regulation of the heartbeat & function of the muscles. Controlled by Aldosterone. Hypokalemia: decreased K in Hyperkalemia: increased K (cause death due to ventricular fibrillation.)
- 17. Chloride (Cl-)Chloride (Cl-) 98 to 108 mmol/L Major anion (negatively charged ion) found outside the cells & in the blood. Helping the body maintain a normal balance of fluids. Used to maintain balance between anions and cations. Na and Cl is dependent each other.
- 18. Bicarbonate (HCO3)Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22 to 26 mEq/L (anions) The level changes as the level of CO2 changes in blood. CO2+blood = carbonic Acid Carbonic Acid – H+ ions = Bicarbonate. Major role is to maintain the normal level of pH in the blood & other fluids in the body. Measured to monitor the acidity of the blood & body fluids.
- 19. Calcium = CaCalcium = Ca Large amount of Ca is stored in bone. Abundant mineral of the body. Ca is also found in ECF but attached to proteins. The normal level is Ca in blood is 4.5 – 5.5 mEq/ltr. Regulated by Parathormone (increase) and calcitonin (decrease). Hypercalcemia: increase Ca Hypocalcemia: decreased Ca
- 20. Phosphate H2PO4Phosphate H2PO4 Found along with calcium as salts. Negatively charged. Normal level 1.7 – 2.6 mEq/ltr. Regulated by Parathormone (increase) and calcitonin (decrease). Excretion is through kidneys.
- 21. Magnesium MgMagnesium Mg Present in bone matrix. Cofactor for metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. Essential role in neuromuscular, synaptic, myocardial activity. Normal level 1.3 – 2.1 mEq/ltr
- 22. Acid Base BalanceAcid Base Balance It is required to maintain the homeostatic balance so as to keep the pH between 7.35 and 7.45. The balance is made by three mechanisms such as 1.Buffer System 2.Exhalation of CO2 3.Kidney excretion of H+
- 23. Buffer System Buffering is the process of binding H+ ions temporarily to decrease the acidity. But it does not remove the H+ ions from the body. The major buffer systems are 1.Protein Buffer System: Hb in RBC and albumin in plasma. They release H+ ions when pH rises. 2.Carbonic Acid- Bicarbonate Buffer System: balancing of H2HCO3(carbonic acid) and HCO3 (bicarbonate) in blood. 3.Phosphate Buffer System: it is the balance between di-hydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and mono-hydrogen phosphate(strong base).
- 24. Exhalation of CO2: The breathing plays an important role in maintaining pH. Exhalation of CO2. It is volatile acid. Kidney excretion of H+: secretion of non- volatile acid through urine. The proximal convoluted tubules and collecting duct secret H+ ions into urine and reabsorb Na.
- 25. Acid Base ImbalanceAcid Base Imbalance Acidosis: when pH is below 7.35 Alkalosis: when pH is above 7.35. Types: 1. Respiratory Acidosis: abnormally high PCO2 in blood above 45mmhg. Respiratory disorders may be the reason. (H2CO3) 2. Respiratory Alkalosis: abnormally low PCO2 in blood below 35 mmhg. Respiratory disorders may be the reason. 3. Metabolic Acidosis: the systemic HCO3 level drops below 22mEq/ltr. Due to renal dysfunction / diarrhoea. 4. Metabolic Alkalosis: the systemic HCO3 level is above 26mEq/ltr. Due to vomiting of gastric juices/ intake of alkaline drugs.