1) Between 1050-1530, Europe experienced a resurgence as conflicts with Islam declined, population and trade increased, and royal authority and the Catholic Church grew more powerful.
2) The 14th century brought challenges like the Black Death pandemic and the Avignon Papacy but also led to the Italian Renaissance and innovations in art and thought.
3) The Renaissance spread from Italy to Northern Europe in the 15th century, bringing changes to culture, politics, and society through developments in areas like humanism, literature, and the arts.