The document is a chapter summary for Connections: A World History, Second Edition covering the time period of 1500-1650 in Western Europe. It summarizes the major events of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Counterreformation, religious and political conflicts in Europe including the Thirty Years War, the global expansion and colonization efforts of Western Christianity and commerce, and the social impacts within Western society from these religious and economic changes. The chapter is broken down into sections covering these topics and their key developments over the century and a half time period.