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![The Chinese Diaspora(s)
Long History of Chinese Migration
Columbus’s
St Maria
Admiral Zheng He [Cheng Ho] – 1405-1433](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/keepookong01-240320042327-52f744ca/75/Kee_Pookong_01-ppt-2579975435676667788888-8-2048.jpg)
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- 1. Diasporas: General Perspectives andOverview Kee Pookong Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University [email protected] 5th DIVERSITY MATTERS a Commonwealth forum on cultural diversity Diasporas in the Commonwealth Monash Malaysia 19 – 20 November 2008
- 2. Outline Conceptualizing “Diasporas” Importance of Diasporas Chineseand Indian Diasporas Challenges and Issues
- 3. Evolution of theConcept Dia speiro (Greek) = to scatter seed Greek colonial expansion: 800 - 600 BC Jewish history = forced exile, victimization, myth of return 586 BC through Holocaust (1938-1944), Israel state (1948) and Present African Diasporas 1960s -Forced dispersion, homelands Recent liberal usages of the term Any form of real or imagined community
- 4. Some Essential Characteristics Dispersal in two or more countries Memory of original homeland Alienation, marginalisation or exclusion in host land Relationship with kin in other diasporic communities Preserve ethnic boundaries Ongoing relationship with ancestral land Idealization or discourse of return
- 5. Diasporas – Typologies Victim Diasporas Jews, African、Armenian Migratory Diasporas – Labor, Traders, Refugees Chinese, Indian, Palestinian, Italian, Greek, Japanese Ideological (Religious) Diasporas - Islam, Hindu, Sikhs Imperial Diasporas British, German Displacement by causes (Robin Cohen, 1997)
- 6. Importance of Diasporas •An analytical concept: – History of human experience: dispersion, identity, longing, and return • A practical concept: – Of interest to states – political, economic, or cultural mobilization – International organizations – development – International relations
- 7. Special relevance ina globalized world – Compression of time and space Transmitters of funds and ideas Global production networks Production, distribution, consumption, R&D Role in an Information Age Information vs. Knowledge and Understanding Mass migration (200 million “migrants”) Size, direction, characteristics and timing
- 8. The Chinese Diaspora(s) LongHistory of Chinese Migration Columbus’s St Maria Admiral Zheng He [Cheng Ho] – 1405-1433
- 9. Source: Adam McKeown,2004, Global Chinese Migration, 1850-1940 White Australia Policy, 1901 Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, USA Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, Canada 1842 Treaty of Nanjing Forced opening of Chinese ports 1834 Abolition of slavery Indentured labor •
- 10. The Chinese “Diaspora(s)” “Overseas Chinese” or “Chinese Overseas”? Chinese Categorization Zhong Guo Ren (Chinese nationals) 0verseas Chinese (Hua Qiao – Chinese Sojourners) Chinese nationality Huaren (Ethnic Chinese) Chinese identity Hua yi (People of Chinese Descent) “Assimilated”, Inter-married
- 11. Overseas Chinese Chinese Overseas Chinese “GNP”,1990 US$ 450 billion SUS$354 billion Source: The Economist (London), July 1992
- 12. Hong Kong, 59% Taiwan, 11% Restof OECD, 8% USA, 7% Japan, 6% Others, 4% Singapore, 3% Rest of S.E Asia, 2% Percentage of Direct Foreign Investments in China by Sources, 1994 Source: State Statistical Bureau, China, 1995 (see Encyclopedia of Chinese Overseas, 1998, Page 111)
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- 15. Distribution (%) of“Chinese Overseas” in Selected Countries, 2003 Estimated Total 37,500,000 Japan 1.28% Myanmar 2.71% Vietnam 3.25% Laos 0.46% Thailand 19.18% Cambodia 0.86% Philippines 2.92% Malaysia 16.09% Brunei 0.01% Singapore 6.99% Indonesia, 19.62 % India 0.38% USA 8.49% Canada 3.89% UK 0.72% Netherlands 0.38% France 0.61% Germany 0.27% Russia 0.53% Australia 1.56% New Zealand 0.34% Source: The Almanac of Overseas Chinese Economy, Taipei (in Chinese) various years
- 16. Myanmar1,018,074 (2.1%) Vietnam1,220,000 (1.53%) Laos172,933 (3.2%) Thailand7,193,000 (11.0%) Cambodia321,180 (2.4%) Philippines1,096,169 (1.3%) Malaysia6,036,000 (24.1%) Brunei5,579 (14.4%) Singapore2,621,000 (76.8%) Indonesia,7,362,000 (3.4%) Japan 479.000 (0.3%) India 141,600 (0.01%) USA 3,186,000 (1.1%) Canada 1,458,000 (4.6%) UK271,000(0.45%) Netherlands143,000(0.88%) France229,000(0.38%) Germany103,000(0.13%) Russia 200,000 (0.14%) Australia 585,000 (2.93%) New Zealand 127,000 (2.67%) Source: The Almanac of Overseas Chinese Economy, Taipei (in Chinese) various years Chinese Diaspora: Number and Percentage in Selected Countries, 2003
- 17. Chinese Diaspora PopulationDistribution (%), 2003 Number: 37.5 Million Indonesia, 19.62% Thailand, 19.18% Malaysia, 16.09% USA, 8.49% Singapore, 6.99% Canada, 3.89% Vietnam, 3.25% Philipine, 2.92% Myanmar, 2.71% Others, 16.85%
- 18. Indians Diasporas Massmigration started with the colonial era in the 19th century some 28 million Indians emigrated , 1846-1932 some 4.5 million settled in Malaya and Burma between 1882 and 1937 Mostly working class – coolie migration (plantation workers, labourers) Post-Independence: migration to Britain Since 1970s: highly skilled migrants to the USA, Canada and Australia
- 19. Policy Development • HighLevel Committee on Indian Diasporas Report, 2001 • Indian Diaspora Day – Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, January 9th • Overseas Citizenship of India Act, December 2005 – dual citizenship to PIOs (Persons of Indian Origin)
- 20. Indian Diaspora: Distribution(%) in Selected Countries, 2001 Total Estimate: 16,943,580 Australia 1.12% Canada 2.84% Fiji 1.99% Kenya 0.6% Kuwait 1.74% Bahrain 20.22% Qatar 10.77% UAE 5.61% Saudi Arabia 8.85% Oman 1.84% Mauritius 4.22% Myanmar 17.13% Reunion Is. 1.3% Singapore 1.81% South Africa 5.9% Trinidad Tobago 2.95% Guyana,2.33% Suriname 0.89% UK 7.08% Netherlands 1.28% USA 9.91% Malaysia 9.83% Source: The Indian Diaspora, High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora, New Delhi, 2001 http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm, 2001
- 21. Indian Diaspora: Number andPercentage in Selected Countries, 2001 Malaysia 1,665,000 (7.27%%) Australia 190,000 (1.02%) Canada 851,000 (2.84%) Fiji 336,829 (42.1%) Kenya 102,500 (0.36%) Kuwait295,000(13.09%) Bahrain130,000(20.22%) Qatar131,000(24.95%) UAE950,000(32,76%) SaudiArabia1,500,000(6.98%) Oman312,000(13.57%) Mauritius 715,756 (60.35%) Myanmar 2,902,000 (6.24%) Reunion Is. 220,055 (31.02%) Singapore 307,000 (9.72%) South Africa 1,000,000 (2.23%) TrinidadTobago500,600(64,59%) Guyana395,350(51.01%) Suriname150,000(34.25%) UK1,200,000 (2.11%) Netherlands217,000(1.36%) USA 1,678,765 (0.6%) Source: http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm, 2001
- 22. Indian Diaspora PopulationDistribution (%), 2001 Number: 16.9 Million (20 million?) Myanmar 17% USA 10% Malaysia 10% Saudi Arabia 9% UK 7% South Africa 6% UAE 6% Canada 5% Mauritius 4% Others 26%
- 23. Chinese and IndianDiaspora: Compared 37 million 80% in Southeast Asia (Nanyang – South Seas) Historically more varied – merchants, traders, and labourers Greater degree of Chinese integration and assimilation –Christianity, intermarriage; forced assimilation 20 million Wider scatter, including Africa, Caribbean, Middle East Historically, majority were plantation worker sand labourers Less predominantly male (under British regulated indentured system); arranged marriages; larger numbers;; Hindu religion; caste
- 24. - Relative homogeneity Buddhist, Ancestor Worship, secularization Common written language Regional (Dialect) identities Greater diversity Aryan – Dravidian Religion (Hindu, Sikh, Parsi, Muslim, Buddhist) Language (Hindi, Tamil, Punjabi, Telugu) Caste - Regional identities
- 25. Popular Cultures Chinese Cultural“Centre”, “Semi-Periphery”, “Periphery” 1. Centre: China 2. Secondary Centres: Taiwan, Hong Kong 3. Tertiary Centres (sub- cultures): Singapore, San Francisco, Sydney- Melbourne • Bollywood – Bombay Kollywood - Kodambakkam, Madras (Tamil) Indo-Caribbean Diaspora Literature
- 26. Deng Xiaoping 邓小平:1904-1997 Deng Lijun 邓丽君: 1953-1995 Day Night
- 27. Chinese Overseas investment (FDI)in China Active global diasporic meetings/conferences of clan, dialect , and business groups World Chinese Entrepreneurs Conventions (since 1991); Hakka, Teochew and other dialect group conferences les than 5% of the Chinese counterparts Less active
- 28. Convergence in Chineseand Indian Diaspora Experience Migration and the highly skilled, professional and entrepreneurial especially to the USA, Canada, Australia (and Singapore) Two-stage or multi-stage migration: re-migration Return migration and circular migration (brain circulation)
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- 30. Australia, 22.8% China Mainland 30.5% HongKong 10.1% T aiwan, 3.7% Malaysia, 10.0% Singapore, 3.5% Viet Nam, 6.4% Indonesia, 3.6% Australia China(exclud Province) HongKong( Taiwan Malaysia Singapore Viet Nam Cambodia Indonesi a East Timor Laos Thailand PapuaNew All Other Bir Cambodia Birthplaces of People of Chinese Ancestry, Australia, 2006 Migration and Re-Migration: Chinese-Australians as a Microcosm of the Diaspora
- 31. RE-MIGRATION Estimates of OverseasChinese Population in Selected South-East Asian Countries (Various Years) and Proportions of Chinese Among Immigrants to Australia from these Sources (2001 Census)
- 32. Challenges and Issues Conceptual Semantic - Analytical Rigor Proper Noun quasi-Proper Noun common noun “Oxymoronic definitions” (Dufoix2003) – “Queer diaspora”, “Soccer diaspora”, etc
- 33. State Responses toEthno-cultural and Religious Diversity Destination country • Extermination • Assimilation • Selective Inclusion • Multicultural • Global or Local Source country • Encourage integration to local community • Diaspora mobilization for political party or national interest • Extraterritoriality International Relations: Identity Politics; Diasporas as Non-State Global Actors
- 34. Jus Sanguinis, JusSolis, or? 1. Jus Sanguinis – Birthrights by descent (blood) 2. Jus Solis – Birthrights by place of birth 3. Dual Nationality 4. Individual Choice?
- 35. The Three “Ds”of Migration The Migrant Experience : on-going Dirty, Demanding, Dangerous Continued “proletarianisation” of diaspora members in the South & North vs. “professionalisation” in the North (Bhikhu Parekh et al, 2003) The Main Causes of Migration Demography, Development,Democracy Diasporas – as a democratization, development, and demographic change agents
- 36. 0 10 2030 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 China(Mainland) Hongkong Taiwan Singapore Malaysia Vietnam Indonesia Cambodia Victoria total Global Communities? Internet Connectedness – Selected Birthplace Groups, Victoria, Australia 2006 88% 85% 78% 85% 85% 65% 84%
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