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Kohlberg moral development
- 1. Lawrence Kohlberg: An Introductionto the Stages of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg: An Introduction to the Stages of Moral Development Presented by: K.RAJU MALLAREDDY MED COLLEGE
- 2. Objective: To examine thestages of moral development as described by Lawrence Kohlberg and accurately apply it to specific moral dilemmas. 2
- 3. 3 Lawrence Kohlberg: WhoIs He? Lawrence Kohlberg was, for many years, a professor at Harvard University. He started as a developmental psychologist and then moved to the field of moral education. He was particularly well-known for his theory of moral development.
- 4. His theory ofmoral development was dependent on the thinking of Jean piaget and John Dewey. 4 Lawrence Kohlberg
- 5. Moral development Onemust progress through the stages in order, and one cannot get to a higher stage without passing through the stage immediately preceding it. Eg: Moral development is growth, and like all growth, takes place according to a pre-determined sequence. –Can’t walk before you crawl 5
- 6. Continued: In stagedevelopment individuals are cognitively attracted to reasoning one level above their own present predominant level. - The person has questions and problems the solutions for which are less satisfying at his present level. Since reasoning at one stage higher is intelligible, and makes sense and resolves more difficulties, it is more attractive. 6
- 7. Continued: 4. In stagedevelopment, movement through the stages is effected when cognitive disequilibrium is created, that is, when a person’s cognitive outlook is not adequate to cope with a given moral dilemma. - The person who is growing, will look for more adequate ways of solving problems. If he has no problems or dilemmas, he is not likely to look for solutions. He will not grow morally. 7
- 8. Level One: Comply/Compete– Self-Centered Ages 7 - 11 A person’s moral reasoning results from consequences of actions, such as punishment, reward, or exchange of favors, and from the physical power of authority figures. The first level of moral thinking is that generally found at the elementary school level. 8
- 9. Stage 1: Fearof Punishment Not law or justice, but cost to me Conscience = self-protection 9
- 10. Stage 2: Profit Minimizethe pain; maximize the pleasure Right behavior means acting in one's own best interests. Reasoning is largely based on an attitude of “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.” Conscience = cunning 10
- 11. Level Two: TheConventional Level Group Centered Ages 15 - 25 A person’s moral reasoning involves maintaining the expectations of one’s family, peer group, or nation for one’s own sake regardless of the immediate consequences. And a desire to respect, maintain, support, and justify the existing social order. 11
- 12. Stage 3: GroupLoyalty Obligation to ones family, gang, etc. One earns acceptance by being “nice.” Behavior is often judged by intention – “Well, they mean well.” Conscience = loyalty 12
- 13. Stage 4: Lawand Order (Begins around age 15, increases to age 25) Without laws, society would be chaos Right behavior consists of doing one’s duty and respecting authority. Flaws in the system are due to the failure of individuals who do not obey the system. Conscience = good citizenship 13
- 14. Level Three: PostConventional Level- Internalized-Truth-Centered A person reasons according to moral values and principles which are valid and applicable apart from the authority of the groups. Moral reasoning becomes more comprehensive, reflects universal principles, and is based on internalized norms. 14
- 15. Stage 5: TheCommon Good Ages 21 - 25 Loyalty to truth Conscience = reason 15
- 16. Stage 6: UniversalEthical Principles- Integrity (Can be reached beginning in the late 20s) Principles, no matter what the price Choices are grounded in genuine moral interest in the well-being of others, regardless of who they are. Conscience = personal integrity 16
- 17. Stages of MoralDevelopment Lawrence Kohlberg Level Stage Ages Social Orientation Pre-Conventional 1 2-4 Obedience and Punishment 2 4-7 Individualism, Instrumentalism Conventional 3 7-10 Good Boy/Girl 4 10-12 Law and Order Post-Conventional 5 Teens Social Contract 6 Adult Principled Conscience 17
- 18. Final Thoughts A. Kohlberg'sscale has to do with moral thinking, not moral action. B. As everyone knows, people who can talk at a high moral level may not behave accordingly. C. Consequently, we would not expect perfect correlations between moral judgment and moral action. Still, Kohlberg thinks that there should be some relationship. D. As a general hypothesis, he proposes that moral behavior is more consistent, predictable, and responsible at the higher stages.18
- 19. REFERENCES 21st century psycologyby william f. buskist Encyclopedia of psycology by alan e. kazdin 19
- 20.