L7 Nanotechnology in Medicine Nano Biotechnology.ppt

L7 Nanotechnology in Medicine Nano Biotechnology.ppt

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  Nanotechnology & Medicine LearningObjectives Role of Nanotechnology in Medcine What is Nanomedicine
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  Nanotechnology in Medicine Nanotechnologyis a new field with many possible uses, medicine being one of them
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  Nanotechnology The manufacturing technologyof the 21st century  The study and manufacture of devices of molecular dimensions, in the range of nanometers or one-billionth of a meter  Most of industrial manufacturing processes are based on top-down technologies i.e., they take larger objects and make them smaller yielding products of fairly high precision and complexity  Most products of living organisms are constructed by tiny molecular machines, such as cells and organelles, working from the bottom up.  By organizing individual atoms and molecules into particular configurations, these molecular machines are able to create works of astonishing complexity and size, such as the human being
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  Nanotechnology Nature shows thatmolecules can serve as machines because living things work by means of such machinery Enzymes are molecular machines that make, break, and rearrange the bonds holding other molecules together Muscles are driven by molecular machines that haul fibers past one another DNA serves as a data-storage system, transmitting digital instructions to molecular machines e.g., the ribosomes, that manufacture protein molecules.
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  Nanotechnology  Using specialbacterium-sized "assembler" devices, nanotechnology would permit on a programmable basis exact control of molecular structures that are not readily manipulated by natural molecular machines and molecular techniques presently available. With nanotechnology, atoms will be specifically placed and connected, all at very rapid rates, in a fashion similar to processes found in living organisms
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  Nanomedicine Some medicines aremade through biotechnological processes, for example those using recombinant DNA (human hepatitis vaccine) Under these processes the DNA of living creatures (usually bacteria) is altered Nanotechnology represents a similar approach to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other goods.
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  Nanorobots: Medicine ofthe Future What are they? Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3 microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers The powering of the nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy Other sources of energy within the body can also be used to supply the necessary energy for the devices They will have simple onboard computers capable of performing around 1000 or fewer computations per second.
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  Nanorobots A navigational networkmay be installed in the body, which may provide high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots This will enable the physician to keep track of the various devices in the body These nanorobots will be able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens When the task of the nanorobots is accomplished, they can be retrieved by allowing them to exfuse themselves via the usual human excretory channels Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot
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  Application of Nanotechnologyin Medicine Diagnostic - Imaging - Quantum dots - Microscopic sampling - Detection of airway abnormalities Therapeutic - Delivering medication to the exact location - Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells - Repair of damaged tissues - Oxygen transport - Skin and dental care - Augmentation of immune system - Treatment of Atherosclerosis - The clottocyte concept - Brain enhancement
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  Diagnostic Applications ofNanotechnology in Medicine Improved imaging of the human (or any) body Nanoprobes (miniature machines) can attach themselves to particles in the body (e.g., antibodies) and emit a magnetic field. Probes that aren’t attached to anything don’t create a detectable magnetic Nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors that are a few cells in size. A single inhaled nanorobot reaches, deeply inspired into the lungs, enters an alveolar duct and attaches to the tissue surface.
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  Diagnostic Applications ofNanotechnology in Medicine  Another way to use nanotech as tracking devices is to use “quantum dots  These tiny semiconductors are able to emit wavelengths of light (colors) that depend on their size. If quantum dot A is twice as big as quantum dot B, it will emit a different color.  Quantum dots are better than conventional dyes: • They last much longer • More colors can be made available. A microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds
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  Therapeutic Applications ofNanotechnology in Medicine  Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to the exact location where they are needed – hence lesser side effects • Organic dendrimers - a type of artificial molecule roughly the size of a protein- would be ideal for the job of delivering medicine • Hollow polymer capsules - gold-coated glass beads that are near infrared light sensitive  Destruction of harmful eukaryotic organisms / cancer cells by interrupting their division process • Certain proteins are capable of doing this (e.g., Bc12 family of proteins)
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  Therapeutic Applications ofNanotechnology in Medicine Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged actinium- 225 atom would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell Location and destruction of cancer cells by acoustic signals Comparison of normal and cancerous cells in respiratory airway of the lung
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  Therapeutic Applications ofNanotechnology in Medicine Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the mimicking of natural biological processes e.g., repair of damaged tissues - Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to and grow bones on - Broken bones would heal much faster.  Transport of oxygen within the body by creating an artificial red blood cell  To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used it may: - Remove the right amount of dead skin - Remove excess oils - Add missing oils - Apply the right amounts of natural moisturising compounds - Achieve the elusive goal of deep pore cleaning by actually reaching down into pores and cleaning them out.
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  Four remote-controlled nanorobots examineand clean the subocclusal surfaces of a patient's teeth, near the gumline. Dental Robots Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses.  Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels.  It may be prevented most heart attach
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  Nanotechnology GOALS Construction of anano-assembler • A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a grand scale The next step would be self-replication of nanoprobes- mitosis Rough estimates say that this will be reached in about 10-20 years PREDICTIONS Predicting the future of nanotechnology is much like trying to predict the remainder of a motion picture from a single frame Although the future of medicine lies unclear, it is certain that nanotechnology will have a significant impact
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  References • Jain, K.K. (2008). Nanomedicine: application of nanobiotechnology in medical practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 17(2), 89-101. • Jain, K. K. (2007). Applications of nanobiotechnology in clinical diagnostics. Clinical chemistry, 53(11), 2002-2009. • http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/pdf/ nano-hands-on-activities_en.pdf