La4b multimedia notacd09

SMK Sultan Yahya Petra 1

MULTIMEDIA
LESSON 21
MULTIMEDIA CONCEPTS

The word multimedia is commonly used in our life. For example, we send
messages through our mobile phones using Multimedia Messaging System
(MMS). In schools, we use the multimedia courseware to learn.

DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia has been used in many aspects in our lives, for example in the
field of business, entertainment and the sciences. “Multimedia” comes from
the word “multi” and “media”.“Multi” means various. “Media” refers to any
hardware or software used for communicating.

These are some examples of hardware and software that we use in
communicating with others.

Examples of hardware are: the radio, television, computer and mobile
phone.

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Examples of software are: email, Yahoo Messenger, Multimedia Message
Service (MMS) and video conferencing.

The usage of text, audio, graphic, video and animation are all involved in
describing media. So, multimedia is the presentation of information by using
a combination of text, audio, graphic, video and animation.

CURRENT DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA IN ICT
In the field of Information and Communication Technology, multimedia
means more than the use of the various media. A computer user interacts
with the computer to perform tasks such as finding information or play
games to develop a skill.

Thus, the meaning of multimedia has changed as technology advanced in
our lives.

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There are five main elements in a complete multimedia system.

MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY
Multimedia has improved our lives in
many ways.

Firstly, multimedia is used as a
common source of reference.

Encyclopedias, directories,
dictionaries and electronic books are
among common multimedia
references.

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Multimedia is also used in education and training. Learning has become
more interesting and effective with educational programmes such as
“edutainment” that is a combination of education and entertainment.

Besides that, multimedia is greatly used in
entertainment industry.

These industries produce computer
games, and develop animations or special
effects for cartoons and movies.

Multimedia applications are also widely used
in scientific research.

For example, from research, new findings
can help the researchers to improve the
condition of sick people.

MORE MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS
FIELDS
Multimedia has played an important role in other fields, such as business,
arts, medicine and engineering.

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In business, multimedia applications are used in advertising products.

Many companies nowadays develop and distribute catalogues in the form of
a CD-ROM as it is more interesting to the consumers.

In art, artists use multimedia elements by combining drawing and
animation.

In medicine, doctors can practice or
be trained in performing high-risk
surgery by using virtual surgery.

In engineering, Computer-Aided
Design or CAD is used. By using this
application, engineers can view the
design from many aspects and
improve on it before production.

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EXTENSION : MULTIMEDIA FOR THOSE WITH LOW
VISION

Multimedia applications have greatly benefited those with low vision as it
helps them in performing tasks normally in their daily lives.

Users who have vision problems, can use the multimedia for their
educational and rehabilitation program to improve their lives.

LESSON 22
INTERACTIVITY OF MULTIMEDIA

INTERACTIVITY
If you use the first multimedia application, the content
progresses without you having to control the flow of the
movie. Your only control is to press the “play” and the
“stop” buttons.

This interaction is called linear interactivity.

On the other hand, the second multimedia application
allows you to decide which part you would like to view, or
how much you want to know about the content.

This interaction is named non-linear interactivity.

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WHAT IS INTERACTIVITY?
Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a multimedia application or
program.

How does a user control the content of a multimedia application? The user
can use input devices such as a keyboard, joystick, mouse and touch
screen to interact with the application through the computer.

The content of the application provided, determines the interactivity for the
user. An example is film that does not allow the user to control the content.

Another example is a computer game. It allows the user to use the left and
right arrow keys to control the movement of the game.

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WHAT IS LINEAR INTERACTIVITY?
In linear interactivity, the user
interacts with the multimedia
application without controlling the
progress of the content.

In other words, the user is a passive
receiver of the multimedia content
most of the time.

The linear content is usually arranged in sequence. An example of the
multimedia linear content is a movie.

Although a movie uses a combination of audio, graphics and animations,
the user has no control over the sequence of events.

WHAT IS NON-LINEAR INTERACTIVITY?

Unlike linear interactivity, non-linear interactivity allows the user to interact
with the content according to what the user wants from the content. In other
words, it is a two-way communication.

The user can control the progress and sequence of the multimedia content
by using buttons or links.

Non-linear interactivity uses tools like “hypertext” to connect a word or a
phrase to another screen.

An electronic book with links to another screen is considered as having
non-linear multimedia content.

Hypermedia is also used in non-linear interactivity. This tool is similar to
hypertext. However, it connects to different media elements such as audio
and video.

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EXTENSION : NON-LINEAR INTERACTIVITY AND
VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual Reality is the best example of
multimedia technology which uses
non-linear interactivity.

Advanced virtual reality systems today
allow users to respond and interact in many
ways to its virtual surroundings.

In learning Geography, virtual reality can
recreate places and environment for you to
interact with. Viewing exploration programs,
like Discovery and Animal Planet will be even
more interesting.

This is because you will be able to enter
different environments virtually and interact
with your surroundings. You can learn at
your own pace and level of understanding.

LESSON 23
MEDIUM OF DELIVERY

COMMON MEDIUMS
Generally, there are two very common
mediums used in delivering multimedia
contents.

First, multimedia can be delivered through
Web pages. Thus, this kind of content is said to
be a Web-based multimedia.

Secondly, multimedia can be delivered through
compact discs. Therefore, the multimedia content
is said to be a CD-based multimedia.

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WEB-BASED MULTIMEDIA

Web-based multimedia is a combination of multimedia technology and
Internet technology. Web-based multimedia is popular nowadays.

In the past, Web pages were filled only
with static texts and graphics as there
were problems in downloading large
multimedia files through the Internet.

Downloading a video file could take a
long time as it is large.

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN THE INTERNET

Now, with the advancement of both technologies, most Web pages
integrate elements like text, graphic, audio, video and animation.

These dynamic elements make the process of distributing information
through the Internet more interesting and effective to the user.

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There are a lot of multimedia software including plug-ins, players and
browsers used in the Internet. These software allow better quality
multimedia programs to be stored and viewed.

Apart from using the software, the quality of a multimedia program received
will still depend on the Internet facilities that the user has.

CD-BASED MULTIMEDIA

CDs like CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read
Only Memory) have been used to
store and deliver multimedia content.

CDs are usually used with computers.
An improvement of the CD-ROM is the
Blu-ray disc which can store better
quality video.

However, the main problem in using CD-ROMs as a medium is that, it can be
costly as it takes a long time to produce a complete multimedia program.

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEB-BASED AND CD-
BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
There are some differences between Web-based and CD-based multimedia
applications.

EXTENSION : INTERACTIVE TV

Interactive television is the use of digital
television to deliver high definition multimedia
content to the user.

When a user wants to watch interactive
television content, the user would
download it from the Internet.

An example of interactive television is Apple TV. In order to subscribe to
Apple TV services, a client needs to have a widescreen TV, a Mac or a PC, an
Internet connection, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) cable
and the software, iTunes 7.

Interactive TV or iTV does not only allow users to change channels but also
to interact with the content of a tv program.

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LESSON 24
MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS

THE FIVE MAIN ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA
In a multimedia application, basically the elements are divided into two:
dynamic (objects that move or change) and static (objects that do not
move).

Texts and graphics are two elements that do not move whereas the other
three elements: audio, video and animations are moving objects within a
multimedia application.

TEXT
Text is the basic element of multimedia. It involves the use of text types,
sizes, colours and background colour.

In a multimedia application, other media
or screen can be linked through the use
of text. This is what you call Hypertext.

To produce an effective multimedia program there are three things that
need to be considered. They are:
The position of the text on the screen.
Length of the message
And legibility of the text.

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GRAPHIC
Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. They help to illustrate
ideas through still pictures.

There are two types of graphics used: bitmaps (paint graphics) and vector
(draw graphics).

Bitmaps images are real images that can be captured from devices such as
cameras or scanners.

Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require a small amount
of memory.

AUDIO
A multimedia application may
require the use of speech, music and
sound effects. These are called audio
or the sound element.

There are two basic types of audio
or sound: analog and digital audio.

Analog audio refers to the original
sound signal. Digital audio refers to
the digital sampling of the actual
sound. The sound used in multimedia
is digital audio.

We can record analog audio file. We
can use special audio editors like
Sound Forge to convert analog audio
files into digital audio files.

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VIDEO
Video provides a powerful impact in a multimedia program. In multimedia
applications, the digital video is gaining popularity because of the following
reasons:

video clips can be edited easily
the digital video files can be stored like any other files in the computer
and the quality of the video can still be maintained
the video files can be transferred within a computer network
it allows non-linear editing in any part of the video

However, these digital video files are large in size. Transferring these files
can take a long time especially when using the Internet.

ANIMATION

Animation is a process of making a static image look like it is moving. In
multimedia, digital animation is used. Digital animation can be categorised
into two broad area: 2D (2 Dimension) and 3D (3 Dimension) animations.

2D animation refers to creating movements in basic objects. These objects
are put into various situations or positions and have movement on the
screen.

3D animation refers to creating movements to three dimensional digital
objects from photographs. Movements like spinning and flying across the
screen are some samples of animations.
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STANDARD FILE FORMATS
Each of the five elements mentioned has various standard file formats. file
format is a particular way to store information in a computer.

The formats will allow you to make decisions of the type of text, graphic,
audio, video and animation to use when developing your own multimedia
program.

STANDARD FILE FORMATS FOR EACH ELEMENT

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EXTENSION : MOBILE MULTIMEDIA IN
TELECOMMUNICATION
Multimedia has become a part of the
telecommunications industry.

Mobile phones can now display texts, graphics,
video and play audio. These are the
Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS) features
incorporated into most mobile phones.
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LESSON 25
HARDWARE AND EDITING SOFTWARE FOR MULTIMEDIA
PRODUCTION

In producing a multimedia program, we need to: Gather data for the 5 basic
elements of multimedia: text, animation, graphics, video and audio by using
hardware.

To edit the elements, we need special editing software.

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HARDWARE FOR PRODUCING MULTIMEDIA
The most common hardware used are scanner, video camera, camera for
still photos, audio device, and video capture device. Each of these hardware
has its functions and characteristics.

Knowing the functions of the hardware and how to use them are important.
This will enable us to integrate the basic elements of multimedia into a
program.

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE
Each hardware has its own functions.

Scanners are used to convert conventional images, texts, drawings and
photos into digital form that can be understood by the computer.

There are four types of
scanners: flatbed scanner,
hand held scanner, sheet-fed
scanner and 3D scanner.

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There are two types of
video cameras:
analog video camera and
digital video camera (DV).

An analog video camera
records video in analog
signals on a magnetic video
tape.

A digital video camera records video in digital signals, which can be stored in
various forms of media, such as digital video tape or memory cards.

Data stored in these DV tapes can directly be read by a computer system.

In an ordinary camera, images are captured on a roll of film. In a digital
camera, images are captured and stored in a media card.

The advantages of having a digital
camera is that the images captured
can directly be used in the computer.

It saves cost as we do not have to
buy films and can choose to keep or
delete the pictures in the memory
card.

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Audio devices are needed to
record analog sound.

The sounds are then changed into
digital sound.

Examples of devices used for recording sounds or audio are microphone,
sound card and voice synthesizer.

Video capture devices help to convert analog video to digital
video. The fire wire helps to transfer the video from video camera to the
computer.

They also transfer digital video to the computer so that the data can be
edited or stored.

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EDITING SOFTWARE FOR MULTIMEDIA
In producing multimedia, the data in the video camera can be edited,
changed, transferred and stored in the computer.

A text editor is used to edit plain text.

Generally a graphic editor can edit images,
draw or illustrate pictures or objects.

Animation editors are used for producing 2D,
3D, special effects and animation for the Web.

An audio editor is used for voice recording or
producing music and special sound effects.

A video editor is used to edit video.

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EXAMPLES OF EDITING SOFTWARE

These are examples of editing software that available for producing a
multimedia program.

EXTENSION : ANIME
Have you ever heard of “anime”?
Anime is one of the world’s most
popular animations.

It originated in Japan. In Japan,
anime refers to “animation” and
most of them are based on
“manga” comics.

Manga is a cultural force in Japan
and is gaining popularity in America.

You can add colour to the drawing by putting in a background, adding visual
effects and animating the objects to make it more attractive.

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LESSON 26
AUTHORING TOOL CONCEPT

Authoring tool is a program that helps you write multimedia applications.
Authoring tools usually enable you to create a final application by linking
together objects such as a paragraph of text, graphic or a video.

By sequencing them in an appropriate order, authoring tools can produce
attractive and useful multimedia applications.

MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TOOLS
Multimedia authoring requires users to develop all the multimedia elements
and integrate them into an interactive application.

The tool of the multimedia professional is the authoring software or
authoring tool.

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All multimedia tools are based on a concept where the program organizes
elements, sequences events, and delivers the multimedia application.

Multimedia applications
can be classified into
three concepts, which are

time frame,
icon
and card.

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TIME FRAME CONCEPT

With time frame concept authoring tools, the multimedia elements or events
are presented and organised along a time line.This type of tool helps users
coordinate when each multimedia element (text, graphics, audio, video or
animation) plays.

In time frame concept authoring tools, a timeline consists of layers which
span several frames.

For example a simple presentation could contain three layers; layer one
could contain a picture of a blue sky, layer two could contain a picture of a
mountain and layer three a picture of a mountain climber.

If each of the layers span 10 frames and the user presses the "play" button,
then the presentation will show a picture containing all of the elements in
the layers e.g. blue sky, a mountain and a mountain climber.

If layer one however only spans 5 frames from the
beginning, then the blue sky would only show for 5 frames
and then disappear for the remaining 5.

Examples of authoring tools using the time frame concept
are Flash and Director. These two software can support
multi platform.
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ICON CONCEPT

The icon concept in authoring tools provides the multimedia developer
with a visual programming approach to sequencing events in the
multimedia application.

In this concept, elements and events are organised in a structural
framework.

With icon authoring tools, users can present visually a logical flow of
events by dragging icons from an icon menu.

The icon can represent graphics, audio files, animation, text, movies,
and other elements should be played in a logical flow or flow chart.

These entire icon concept authoring tools use "drag and drop" to pick
up and place icons on the presentation page.

These icons represent:
events such as mouse clicks, key press
actions to be performed after an event e.g. a transition, a sound
routines to perform loops, conditional branches

A presentation is built by inserting one object after another e.g. a simple
application could contain just three icons: picture, sound icon and text icon.

When we click on the Restart button, the presentation starts.

Several multimedia authoring tools which use this icon
concept are Authorware and IconAuthor. These two
software can support multi platforms.

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CARD CONCEPT

The card concept in authoring tools are based on the idea of card stacks
containing graphics, audio, video, text and animation.

Elements and events in card concept authoring tools are organised as pages
in a book or a stack of cards.

When card concept authoring tools starts, a blank page is displayed. Certain
objects can be inserted e.g. text, pictures and buttons.

By inserting objects into several pages, a multimedia "book'' is eventually
created.

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The developer can create transitions between pages and on the objects
themselves. Zoom text in and out, causing a picture to flow onto the page.

Examples of the card concept in Authoring Tools are ToolBook, HyperCard
and SuperCard.

ToolBook uses the Windows platform. ,Hypercard and Supercard uses the
Macintosh platform.

EXTENSION : CRITERIA IN EVALUATING AN
AUTHORING TOOL

It should be easy to use; thus non-programmers do not have to learn
a programming language in order to develop multimedia courseware.

It should have ready-made templates, including popular buttons or
signs and navigation tools.

It offers compatibility with the World Wide Web.

It has on-line help and learning aids.

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LESSON 27
WEB EDITORS

WEB EDITOR
Web editor is a program that you use to create Web page. It can be
something as simple as the text editor that came with your operating
system. It can be something as simple as the text editor. It can also be
something that creates the Websites as you point and click away.

A Web page is written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) which is a set
of "markup" symbols inserted into a file for a display on the World Wide Web
(WWW) browser.

The markup tells the Web browser how to display a Web page.

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There are two types of Web editors. They are text-based and What You See
Is What You Get (WYSIWYG).

TEXT-BASED EDITOR

A text-based Web editor is a basic
editor where you work with Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) tags to
create a Web page.

It can be used to change HTML source
codes.

Using a text-based Web editor requires you to have HTML knowledge to get
started.

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Software such as Notepad and PSPad are examples of text-based editors.

PSPad has additional functions that include syntax highlighting and toolbars.

WYSIWYG WEB EDITOR

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WYSIWYG is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get. WYSIWYG web
editors provide an editing interface that shows how the pages will be
displayed in a web browser.

Using a WYSIWYG editor does not require any HTML knowledge. It is easier
for an average computer user.

Examples of WYSIWYG web editor are Microsoft FrontPage and Macromedia
Dreamweaver.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXT-BASED EDITORS AND
WYSIWYG EDITORS

User friendly - a text-based editor is less user friendly compared to a
WYSIWYG editor.

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Junk HTML – There is no junk HTML in text-based compared to WYSIWYG
editors.

HTML knowledge – a text-based editor requires HTML knowledge
compared to WYSIWYG editors.

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Inserting a specific tag – It is hard to insert a specific tag using a text-
based editor compared to WYSIWYG editor.

Visualize the design – a text-based editor cannot visualize the design
compared to a WYSIWYG editor.

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The differences between the text-based editor and WYSIWYG editor.

EXTENSION : WEB SITE BUILDER

A Web site builder is a software application that lets users create a Web
site. It will offer the user a collection of templates and can be modified by
the user.

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LESSON 28
USER INTERFACE PRINCIPLES

User interface is a program that provides an interface or medium for humans
to interact with the system.

USER INTERFACE PRINCIPLES
User interface is a way a computer program communicates with the person
who is using it. There are eight main principles of the user interface.

1. Consistency
2. Clarity
3. Context
4. Navigation
5. Search
6. Personalisation
7. Learnability
8. Flexibility

CONSISTENCY
Consistency means the interface design is in harmony and the same applies
to all screen in a software program.

The same words or commands perform the same functions throughout the
user interface.

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CLARITY

Clarity means clearness of labels on all icons to make the system easy to
understand. Users should use relevant icons or graphics to indicate the
information.

Icons, words or commands should be clearly labelled so that users can
understand them easily.

CONTEXT
Context means every part of a lesson should be relevant to a particular
title. Ideas presented need to relate to the title.

The user interface should be structured. For example, if the lesson is about
Flow Chart, all the sections including the introduction, content, activity,
evaluation, summary and extension should be related to the Flow Chart.

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NAVIGATION

Navigation means users can move
around the menus, help files or other
screens in a system

SEARCH
Search means the system enables users
to search keywords or glossary. The user
interface should have a search function.

It should provide multiple ways for users
to make queries by grouping or sorting.

The system should provide users a preview in order to get a word in the
correct page.

LEARNABILITY
Learnability means the system provides support information and help files to
make the system easy to understand.

Support information is important, especially in
helping the user to use the
system.

The help function should be available to speed up
the interaction for both experienced and
inexperienced users.

FLEXIBILITY
Flexibility means a user has the
authority to navigate through all the
sections without any limitations.

For example, the user is allowed to
access any of the lessons, sections
and pages of the program.

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PERSONALISATION
Personalisation means the users can
make their own personal or individual
learning.

Users can choose their display
options.

EXTENSION : GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
Graphical User Interfaces is a set of screen presentations that utilise graphic
elements such as icons to make an operating system easier to use.

Graphical User Interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows has the following basic
components:

Pointer: A symbol that appears on the display screen that you move to
select objects and commands.

Icons: Small pictures that represent commands, files, or windows. By
moving the pointer to the icon and pressing a mouse button, you can
execute a command or convert the icon into a window.

You can also move the icons around the display screen as if they were real
objects on your desk.

Desktop: The area on the display screen is referred to the desktop.

Windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window,
you can run a different program or display a different file.

You can move windows around the display screen, and change their shape
and size as well.

Menus: Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by
selecting a choice from a menu.

These features has made Microsoft Windows easy to use and a popular
operating system.

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LESSON 29
INSTALLATION OF TOOLBOOK ASSISTANT 2004

INSTALLING TOOLBOOK ASSISTANT 2004

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EXPLORE THE INTERFACE OF TOOLBOOK 2004

102

ADDING MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS INTO TOOLBOOK

Go to Quick Start Tab choose Blank
Native ToolBook Book and click ok.

Confirm Deployment method dialog box
pops up. Read through the message
and click yes.

Adjust screen.

Draw some objects. Click on the
Catalog. Choose draw objects and
double click circle and triangle.

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Adjust and resize the shapes.

Add colours to the shapes.

To make the triangle behind the circle,
Right click the triangle and click
properties, change layer 2 to layer 1.
Then close the properties box.

To close ToolBook, click file, then click
exit or press Alt+F4.

Save this project in your student folder.

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EXTENSION : TOOLBOOK AUTOPACKAGER
Toolbook Autopackager utility gathers all the files together in the same
directory.

The AutoPackager wizard will walk you through the steps to create this
installation set.

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LESSON 30
FEATURES OF TOOLBOOK ASSISTANT 2004

ToolBook Assistant 2004 is an authoring tool
used by non-technical people to create Web-
based training, computer based training, and
interactive e-learning contents.

Wizards, templates and catalog make it easy
for teachers, students and staff to learn and
use.

Features like the drag-and-drop environment
do not require any programming. It enables
fast and easy creation of online content.

THE FEATURES OF TOOLBOOK ASSISTANT 2004

Supports a wide range of multimedia elements:
ToolBook Assistant 2004 allows users to integrate text, graphic, audio,
video, hyperlinks and variety of exercises.

Easy-to-use and powerful hyperlink objects:
The hyperlinks can link to a variety of elements such as documents, pop-
ups, Web pages and applications.

Synchronisation Tool:
Coordinating images and sound in time becomes a very simple task that
can be performed by anyone without specialised skills.

Easy document editing:
With ToolBook Assistant 2004, the design of interactive multimedia training
courses are fast and easy. Work is done directly in a WYSIWYG environment.

There are many functions in this application. For example, drag and drop
user interface allows users to immediate in creating multimedia
presentation.

Test the document at any time:
Using the reader mode, we can preview our multimedia presentation. While
using the author mode, we can edit multimedia documents.

A variety of Customisable Learning Templates:
To speed up and simplify the multimedia presentation, ToolBook Assistant
2004 provides a variety of templates that can easily be customised by users.

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Course Publishing Made Easy:
The multimedia presentation can be automatically published in any of the
available delivery formats, including publishing to Web and CD-ROM.

Compliance HTML courseware :
ToolBook Assistant 2004 is an e-Learning solution for HTML Web-based
courseware content. The courseware can be viewed with Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator and Mozila Firefox.

CREATE A BOOK WITH QUICK SPECIALIST

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LESSON DESIGN SPECIALIST

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115

CREATING QUESTIONS

TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

FILL IN THE BLANK

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La4b multimedia notacd09

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