landslides resilient planning ppt

landslides resilient planning ppt

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  DISASTER RESILIENCE TOWNPLANNING LANDSLIDE SUBMITTED BY HARSHIT KUMAR B.ARCH 5TH YEAR, IX SEM
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  2 CONTENT 1. PROJECT INTRODUCTION •OVERVIEW • AIM & OBJECTIVES • SCOPE OF THE PROJECT • INTRODUCTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW • BACKGROUND • IMPACT OF LANDSLIDES • CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES • TYPES OF LANDSLIDES • LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION • THE HIMALAYAS • LOSSES DUE TO LANDSLIDES- STATISTICS 3. CASE STUDY- UTTARAKHAND • ABOU THE STATE • VULNERABILITY PROFILE • POPULATION AT RISK • AREAS HIGHLY PRONE TO SEVERE LANDSLIDE • SETTLEMENT PATTERN 4. RECOMMENDED REMEDIAL MEASURES • DIRECT METHODS • INDIRECT METHODS 5. PLANNING AND APPROACH • DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 6. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
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  3 OVERVIEW According to thestatistics, the situation of the disasters in India, either natural or man- made, are increasing due to various reasons, be it growth of the population or large scale urbanization or the change in climate. Therefore, it is now the basic need of the country to have strategies and plans to minimize the impact caused by the disasters and make necessary disaster specific guidelines for the development of the towns and cities of India. Landslides play a vital role in transformation or maturation of geography and represents high hazard in many parts of the world. In some cases, social and economic damage caused by landslides is more than caused by other natural hazards in hilly areas. Despite of such broad spectrum of landslides, a very few methods exists to map and evaluate the risk associated with landslides. This whole study gives a brief idea of landslides and how various areas are affected by the landslides, followed by the study of the construction techniques used in landslide prone areas and landslide mitigation.
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  4 AIM “To study theimpacts of landslides on society, the risk factors associated and to provide strategies and planning guidelines for the landslide prone areas”. OBJECTIVES •Study the various areas prone to landslides in India with special emphasis on the Himalayas, being more susceptible to landslides. •Study the causes of landslides and the social & economical loss caused by the landslides in past. •Give a brief idea of hazards associated with the landslides. •To reduce vulnerability and to minimize the loss caused by landslides through better planning process. •Provide better planning guidelines, rules & regulations and construction techniques for landslide prone areas.
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  5 SCOPE •By the properstudy of landslides, proper zone mapping can be done and hazardous areas can be well studied. •It will create an awareness among the local people regarding vernacular materials and construction techniques to be used in landslide prone areas. •Probability of less damage in future events of landslides by making proper planning and design guidelines, especially for hilly areas. •For the betterment of the people living in hilly areas.
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  6 INTRODUCTION •Wide variety ofnames for the denudation process: i. MASS MOVEMENT ii. SLOPE MOVEMENT iii. LANDSLIDES • Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down the slope. (Cruden, 1991) •Movement occurs when the shear stresses exceeds the shear strength of the material. SOURCE: PDF- INTRODUCTION TO LANDSLIDES PART 1: TYPES & CAUSES INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE SURVEY & EARTH SCIENCES, NETHERLANDS. FIGURE2: AN AERIAL VIEW SHOWS RESCUERS SEARCHING FOR SURVIVORS AMONG DEBRIS AT THE SITE OF A LANDSLIDE IN CHINA SOURCE: www.bbc.co.uk FIGURE1: IMAGE SHOWING LANDSLIDE IN UTTARAKHAND CAUSING HEAVY DAMAGE TO SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL LOSS SOURCE: zeenews.india.com FIGURE 3: LANDSLIDE DIAGRAMS SOURCE: www.pinterest.com
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  FIGURE4: DIAGRAM SHOWINGTHE PROCESS OF LANDSLIDE AND THE TERMINOLOGIES SOURCE: www.colasula.com POSTED BY NASIKHATUN NIKMAH ON JANUARY 22, 2015 7
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  8 BACKGROUND EARTHQUAKE MORE THAN 58.6%LANDMASS IS PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES OF MODERATE TO VERY HIGH INTENSITY FLOODS 12% OR OVER 40 MILLION HECTARES OF LAND CYCLONES & TSUNAMIS CLOSE TO 5700KM OUT OF 7515 KM OF COASTLINE DROUGHTS 68% OF CULTIVABLE AREAS PRONE TO DROUGHTS LANDSLIDES HILLY AREAS ESPECIALLY HIMALAYAS BEING THE YOUNG MOUNTAINS India is vulnerable to a large number of disaster, in varying degrees: SOURCE: 1.REPORT ON VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA, NDMA 2. SEMINAR BY MS.SHIVANI CHOUHAN ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN LITERATUREREVIEW
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  9 IMPACT OF LANDSLIDES Worldwidelandslide activity is increasing due to: •Increased urbanization and development in landslide-prone areas. • Continued deforestation of landslide prone areas • Increased regional precipitation caused by changing climate patterns Economic losses due to landslides: •DIRECT COSTS Repair, replacement, or maintenance resulting from damage to property or infrastructure due to landslides. •INDIRECT COSTS Loss of productivity and revenues Reduced land value Loss of tax revenues Landslide mitigation measures Loss of human or animal productivity Adverse effect on water quality/ sedimentation/ siltation of reservoirs
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  GEOLOGICAL CAUSES WEATHERED MATERIALS SHEARED MATERIALS JOINTEDOR FISSURED MATERIAL RAIN OR SNOWFALL EARTHQUAKES MORPHOLOGICAL CAUSES SLOPE ANGLE UPLIFT REBOUND EROSION VEGETATION CHANGE SLOPE LOADING PHYSICAL CAUSES TOPOGRAPHY TECTONIC ACTIVITY PHYSICAL WEATHERING HYDROGEO-LOGICAL FACTORS HUMAN CAUSE DEFORESTATION EXCAVATION POLLUTION LOADING MINING & QUARRYING LAND USE 10 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES Two main parameters are: 1. An increase of shear stress 2. A decrease of material strength
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  TYPES OF LANDSLIDES FIGURE5: MAJOR TYPES OF LANDSLIDES SOURCE: PDF- INTRODUCTION TO LANDSLIDES PART 1: TYPES & CAUSES INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE SURVEY & EARTH SCIENCES, NETHERLANDS. 11
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  12 SOURCE: 1. www.bmtpc.orgVULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA. FIGURE 6: LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAP OF INDIA LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAP OF INDIA •Jammu & Kashmir •Himachal Pradesh •Uttarakhand •Sikkim •Meghalaya •Nagaland •Manipur •Mizoram •Tripura •Assam •Arunachal Pradesh STATES HIGHLY PRONE TO LANDSLIDE •It is estimated that economic loss due to landslides may reach 1-2% of the gross national product in many developing countries •80% of the reported fatalities due to landslides are within the developing countries. •Himalayan region is the most prone area to landslides as can be seen in the map.
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  0.18 0.14 0.09 0.01 N-E HIMALAYA N-W HIMALAYA WESTERNGHATS & KONKAN HILLS EASTERN GHATS 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 N-E HIMALAYA N-W HIMALAYA WESTERN GHATS & KONKAN HILLS EASTERN GHATS LAND AREA PRONE TO LANDSLIDES 0.18 0.14 0.09 0.01 13 SOURCE: 1. www.portal.gsi.gov.in In million sq.km In million sq.km BAR CHART SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF LAND AREA PRONE TO LANDSLIDES IN INDIA
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  14 THE HIMALAYAS SOURCE: THEGEOLOGICAL SOCIETY- PLATE TECTONICS. www.geolsoc.org.uk SOURCE: FROM THIS DYNAMIC EARTH BY KIOUS AND TILLING, COURTESY OF THE US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. CONTINENTAL COLLISION As the Indian subcontinent pushes against Eurasia, pressure is released in the form of earthquakes. The constant crashing of the two plates formed the Himalayan mountain range. SOURCE: www.jabalpur.nic.in FIGURE 7: MAP SHOWING THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN RANGE FIGURE 8: SECTION OF THE TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT FIGURE 9:FIGURE SHOWING THE CONTINENTAL COLLISION OF INDIAN AND EURASIAN PLATE CAUSING THE HIMALAYAS TO FORM. SOURCE: USGS; GOOGLE EARTH, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL FIGURE 10: MIGRATION OF INDIA
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  15 2001 2002 20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year 2000 2001 2003 2005 2008 2009 2010 2014 2015 2016 occurrence 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 Total deaths 187 98 25 262 37 55 17 151 3 20 Affected 7000 5000 9000 Injured 38 20 5 Homeless 200 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 187 98 25 262 37 55 17 151 3 20 38 20 5 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300TOTALDEATHS SOURCE: http://www.emdat.be/advanced_search/index.html LOSSES DUE TO LANDSLIDES- STATISTICS
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  16 CASE STUDY :UTTARAKHAND LOCATION: 28⁰34’-31⁰27’ N latitude 77⁰34’-81⁰02’ E longitude GEOGRAPHIC AREA: 53484 SQ.M POPULATION (2011): 1,01,16,752 FIGURE 11: MAP SHOWING THE LOCATON OF UTTARAKHAND SOURCE: www.ukfws.org DISTRICTS: 13 DIVISIONS: 2 (KUMAON & GARHWAL) ZONES: 3 (UPPER HILLS, MIDDLE HILLS, FOOTHILLS) DENSITY: 189 PER SQ.KM
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  17 CASE STUDY :UTTARAKHAND VULNERABILITY PROFILE SOURCE: VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH FIGURE 11: MAP OF UTTARAKHAND SHOWING THE REGIONS PRONE TO LANDSLIDES AREAS WITH DENSE POPULATION AND VULNERABLE TO SEVERE LANDSLIDES SOURCE: CENSUS 2011 POPULATION AT RISK- 77% OF THE TOTAL STATE POPULATION LIVES IN HIGH RISK ZONES. AREAS MOST PRONE TO SEVERE LANDSLIDES: RUDRAPRAYAG, PITHORAGARH, BAGESHWAR, TEHRI GARHWAL, CHAMOLI SETTLEMENT PATTERN: •SETTLEMENT SEEN ALONG THE RIVERS •SETTLEMENT NEAR THE FOOR OF THE MOUNTAINS •SETTLEMENT IN RIVER VALLEYS
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  18 RECOMMENEDED REMEDIAL MEASURESOR METHODS SOURCE: IS 14680:1999, INDIAN STANDARD- LANDSLIDE CONTROL GUIDELINES DIRECT METHODS RESTRAINING STRUCTURES PRESSURE EASINGBY EXCAVATION SLOPE RECONSTRUCTION ROCK REINFORCEMENT INDIRECT METHODS EROSION CONTROL SURFACE DRAINAGE SUB-SURFACE DRAIANGE RESTRAINING STRUCTURES •DRY BANDED AND MORTAR MASONRY WALL •GABIONS OR SAUSAGE WALL •CONCRETE RETAINING WALL •ANCHORED WALLS •RESTRAINING PILES FIGURE 12: RESTRAINING STRUCTURES USING EMPTY BITUMEN DRUMS
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  19 PRESSURE EASING BY EXCAVATION RECOMMENEDEDREMEDIAL MEASURES OR METHODS FIGURE 13: VARIOUS EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES USED IN LANDSLIDE PREVENTION SOURCE: IS 14680:1999, INDIAN STANDARD- LANDSLIDE CONTROL GUIDELINES SURFACE DRAINAGE FIGURE 14: DRAIN DETAILS
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  PLANNING CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT OF SYSTEM 20 PLANNING ANDAPPROACH FIGURE 15: DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE THE PRE DISASTER STAGE RESPONSE & RELIEF MEASURES POST DISASTER STAGE REVIVAL DEVELOPMENT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH PLAN ACTMONITOR EVALUATE
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  21 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.PDF- INTRODUCTION TO LANDSLIDES PART 1: TYPES & CAUSES, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE SURVEY & EARTH SCIENCES, NETHERLANDS 2. www.colasula.com POSTED BY NASIKHATUN NIKMAH ON JANUARY 22, 2015 3. REPORT ON VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA, NDMA 4. SEMINAR BY MS.SHIVANI CHOUHAN ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 5. www.bmtpc.org VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA 6. CRUDEN, D. (1993). THE MULTILINGUAL LANDSLIDE GLOSSARY. RICHMOND,BC: BITECH PUBLISHERS. 7. Dr.Bindi Varghese, N. I. DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF UTTARAKHAND. BANGALORE: CHRIST UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE. 8. INDIA, G. O. (n.d.). VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA. Retrieved OCTOBER 2016, from BMTPC: www.bmtpc.org 9. MANAGEMENT, N. I. (2015). UTTARAKHAND DISASTER 2013. NEW DELHI: NIDM, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. 10. NEMCOK, V. H. (1972, 1978, 1988, 1990, 1996). LANDSLIDE: INTRODUCTION. 11. WIKIPEDIA. (n.d.). HIMALAYAS. Retrieved 2016, from WIKIPEDIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas 12. MAPS OF INDIA, www.mapsofindia.com