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Language Programs and Policies in Multilingual Societies.pptx
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- 3. WHAT IS SOCIO-LINGUISTICS? •Itis the study on how and what way the language is used in a specific society and it is concerned with the effect of language on the society’s cultural perception, norms, identity, etc.; • The investigation between the relationship of language and society;
- 4. •Sociolinguistics is essentialbecause it helps us understand the differences occur on how we speak in various social settings, as well as how we use particular language roles to express social significance or facets of our personality.
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- 7. WHAT IS BILINGUALISM? •It is the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages; • Can be acquired early by children in regions where most adults speak two languages.
- 8. THREE GENERAL TYPESOF BILINGUALS 1.Compound bilingual - developed two language systems single simultaneously with a context. 2.Coordinate bilingual - learn two languages in distinctively separate contexts.
- 9. 3. Sub-coordinate bilingual- learn the secondary language by filtering through the mother tongue.
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- 11. WHAT IS LANGUAGE CHANGE? •It is the phenomenon by which permanent alterations are made in the features and the use of a language over time. •It caters all languages we could've ever encountered.
- 12. TYPES OF LANGUAGECHANGE a. Lexical changes - refers to a change in the meaning or use of a word, a move of preference for one word or phrase over another; - most likely the recurrent type of language change and definitely the easiest to detect.
- 13. Phonetic and Phonologicalchanges – phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language. - a language develops a new system of oppositions among its phonemes. Old contrasts may disappear, new ones may develop, or they may simply be restructured.
- 14. - one personcould actually adopt the enunciation or how the other person spoken out his utterances towards the other, with this, change takes place.
- 15. b. Spelling changes- the spelling of English words is not fixed all the time. - differences in spelling often catch the eye of a reader of a text from a previous century and that it usually changes and is somehow the reason why there is modification of sounds and enunciation.
- 16. Example: WORD FORMER SPELLING SHOWSHEW CONNECTION CONNEXION
- 17. c. Semantic changes- the alteration of meaning occurs because words are constantly used and what is intended by speakers is not exactly the same most of the time - if a different intention for a word is shared by the speech community and becomes established in usage then a semantic change has occurred.
- 18. COMMON TYPES OFSEMANTIC CHANGE Amelioration - it is where to upgrade or elevate word meanings such that one word could affect negatively but here, it develops in a positively. Pejoration - worsen the negative meaning of the word.
- 19. Broadening - anexpansion or to broader word meaning to be more inclusive than its prior meaning. Semantic narrowing - the opposite of broadening wherein the meaning of the word becomes less general or complete than the former meaning.
- 20. Bleaching /Semantic loss/Reductionof word meaning - refers to how the intensity use of a language differs and here it lessens that emphasis. Metaphor/Metaphorical change - in semantics, it is defined on a similarity of form or function between the original concept and the target concept named by a certain word.
- 21. Metonymy - refersto shifting names between things that are somehow known to be connected in reality.
- 22. e. Syntactic change- a phenomenon creating a shift in language patterns over time, subject to cyclic drift, which means a long term pattern. - where the evolution of the syntactic structure of a natural language existed.
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- 24. WHAT IS LANGUAGESHIFT? •alsoknown as the assimilation of which the community shifts to language different language in an extended period of time. •the new language is adopted as a result of contact with another language community and may cause in the endangerment of the old language.
- 25. Factors contributing toLanguage shift (Katibatufah, 2015) •Economic Factor - the role of economic factors such as a need for work is also reflected to language shift. - people can change their location as well as their language. The most obvious reason of studying another language is to find jobs.
- 26. • Social factor- when a group sees no need to take active action to preserve their ethnic language, language shift occurs. - when a group of speakers relocates to an area or nation where the language is different from their own, they are more likely to adopt the new language.
- 27. •Political Factor -when people are anxious to succeed in a society where knowing a second language is needed, a rapid shift occurs. - in a multilingual nation a political factor forces language shift, the authority usually select one franca to unite various ethnic language as the lingua groups.
- 28. •Demographic Factor -when the group of speakers move to an area or country where language is different from their own, there is tendency for a new language to become dominant. Since rural groups are segregated from political power, they are more resistant to language. - change in rural areas than urban areas. The majority of people’s social need can be meet in minority language.
- 29. •Attitude and Values- when the minority group supports the minority language's use in a number of domains, it makes it easier for them to resist the majority group’s pressure to turn to majority groups language. - the language shift may also be accelerated by negative attitude toward the language. - It happens when an ethnic language is undervalued and not used as a sign of identity.
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- 31. Code switching isone of these tricks, which we see more often in school. It’s natural merging that occurs frequently among multilingual speakers who shared two or more languages. Code -Switching
- 32. • •when a speakerswitches / alternates between two or more languages ( or dialects, or variations of language) in the same conversation
- 33. 1.To fulfill aneed - Code switch tend to occurs when the speaker is tired, upset, angry or when they are less fluent in one language. 2. To express Solidarity - switching is often popular when someone wants to show solidarity with a specific group.
- 34. 3. To excludeothers - They use their first language to gossip or talk about important matters.
- 35. TYPES OF CODESWITCHING 1. Inter-Sentential - Sentence boundaries, words or phrases at the start or end of a sentence are used to switch languages. - this form is common in bilingual speakers who are fluent in both language.
- 36. 2. Intra-Sentential -there are no interruptions, hesitations, or delays to signify a change in the middle of a sentence. - usually the speaker is completely unaware of the change.
- 37. 3. Extra -Sentential/ Tag switching - it is when a single word or a tag phrase is switched from one language to another. - it entails inserting tag from one language into sentence in a different language.
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- 39. LANGUAGE DEATH? •this occurswhen a language have already lost its last native speaker; •when a certain language have no written documents, or none of the people are aware about the language.
- 40. FACTORS CONTRIBUTES TOLanguage Death 1. Language assimilation or language Shift Thisis whena bilingual speaker replace his native language with his second language as the primary means of communication.
- 41. 2. Cultural Assimilation- occurs when a certain ethnic group or a small group adapts to the culture of much bigger groups. - this also occur when a speaker or a group of speakers migrate from another language speaking community.
- 42. 3. Colonialism -it occurs when one nation tyrannize another through conquering its population, and forcing its own language and cultural values upon its citizens (Blakemore, 2019).
- 43. FOUR TYPES OF LANGUAGEDEATH 1.Radical death - this is when the native speakers stops speaking their language as a self-defense. 2.Gradual death – when a speaker gradually replace L1 with L2.
- 44. 3. Sudden death– a rapid extinction of language. 4. Bottom-top-death – when a language is only being used for certain purposes rather than being a means of communication.
- 46. WHAT IS LANGUAGE •Language R re E vi V va IV li A s t L h ? e process to which a nearly extinct language is being revived or brought back. •This action is taken by Linguists, the government, community or cultural groups.
- 47. FIVE STAGES OFLANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT 1. Healthy/strong - all generations use language in variety of settings; 2. Weakening/sick - spoken by older people; not fully used in younger generations; 3. Moribund/dying - only a few speakers (non-children) remain; no longer used as native language by children;
- 48. 4.Dead - nolonger spoken as a native language; and 5.Extinct - no longer spoken and barely has written records (if at all).
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- 50. •A standard languageis one that is written and has been regularized or codified to some degree (for example, in a grammar and a dictionary). •It is also a form of language that a group of people uses in public. WHAT IS A STANDARD LANGUAGE?
- 51. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STANDARDLANGUAGE •A recognized dictionary (standardized spelling and vocabulary) • A recognized grammar •A standard pronunciation (educated speech)
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- 53. WHAT IS AVERNACULAR LANGUAGE? • refers to a language which has not been standardized and which does not have official status. • the language or dialect spoken by the common people of a country or area is known as vernacular. •often used for a relatively narrow range of informal function.
- 54. • the languageis spoken as one's mother tongue rather than being taught or imposed as a second and it is also the use of a country's or region's mother tongue in speech or written works.
- 55. CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR LANGUAGE •Thestandard native language of a country or locality. •The everyday language spoken by a people as distinguished from the literary language. •A variety of such everyday language specific to a social group or region.
- 56. •The idiom ofa particular trade or profession: in the legal vernacular. • An idiomatic word, phrase, or expression. •The common, nonscientific name of a plant or animal.
- 57. •Native to orcommonly spoken by the members of a particular country or region. •Using the native language of a region, especially as distinct from the literary language: a vernacular poet. • Relating to or expressed in the native language or dialect.
- 58. •Of or beingan indigenous building style using local materials and traditional methods of construction and ornament, especially as distinguished from academic or historical architectural styles. •Occurring or existing in a particular locality; endemic: a vernacular disease.
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- 60. WHAT IS ANATIONAL LANGUAGE? •A language officially designated the language of a nation or country. •national language is meant to bind the society, in order to achieve our goal to be an independent state (Muhammad Ridwan, 2018).
- 61. FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE •Representsnation's identity which makes it distinct to the other nations; • Promotes independency; •Unifies the people despite the difference between regions; and •Performs political, social, and cultural means.
- 62. COUNTRIES CHOSE ITS NATIONALLANGUAGE BY: •depending on the initial language of the first people that occupied the homeland. •depending on the language that the majority of the people are aware of and also know how to enact it.
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- 64. WHAT IS ANOFFICIAL LANGUAGE? • A language that is given with legal status to use for a governement, state's courts, administration, and other official purposes (Tanvir Shameem, 2019).
- 65. •An official languagecould not be a national language unlike national language is a part of the official language.
- 66. DE FACTO ANDDE JURE •segregations or status that are connected with the national and official language.
- 67. WHAT IS ADE FACTO? •de facto is a language that is not a legally recognized national language. It’s a national language that just so happens to be spoken by the majority of the people in a particular country
- 68. WHAT IS ADE JURE? •A de jure is a language that is a legally recognized national language. This is a language that has been legally established as the national language of the country.
- 69. PIDGIN •Pidgin is createdby words and other form of body language from one or multiple tongue to develop means of communication between two or group of speakers with no common language. •It is a mode of interaction used in specific scenarios and it only has small vocabulary and simple grammatical structure.
- 70. •This means ofcommunication would later use as the first language of children as they grow up and by that, the pidgin language becomes a creole and that creole is now a widely spoken language.
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- 72. WHAT IS AREGIONAL DIALECT? •Regional dialect is the various linguistic differences accumulate in a particular geographical region. •The geographical position of an area has a significant impact on the growth of a local tongue (Sarah Etter, 2005).
- 73. International Variety -this variety talks about the variety of languages within parts of the world. Intra-continental or Intra-national Variety - This variety covers the differences of the dialects within the country.
- 74. Dialect Chain orCross-continental Variation - It is the spread of language variety across the neighboring areas. - These dialects have a slight common in its near borders but might be difficult to be understood on the distant geographical areas.
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- 76. WHAT IS ASOCIAL DIALECT? •It is the variety of language to which differs from the social group of the speaker.
- 77. FACTORS THAT AFFECTSTHE SOCIAL DIALECT • Social class – whether the speaker is from the upper class, or the lower class. • Religion – language also differs from religion. For instance, a Roman Catholic speaker refers their religious leader as Priest however, for a Hindu speaker, they refer them to as Brahmin.
- 78. • Education –it is very obvious that education would be one of the factors that affects the social dialect. Through a speakers grammar and pronunciation, we can recognize whether the speaker have a formal education or not fortunate at all. • Profession – the use of language also varies from profession, since, a single word may have different use and meaning for each profession.
- 79. • Caste –is a form of social classification it divides the people by their endogamy, ritual status in a hereditary transmission, hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. - It is seen in India and Bangladesh, to which, their matter of speech depends on their caste.
- 80. • Age –it is understood that the language has already evolved and left various words from different generation. • Gender – the differences may also vary from the gender . As expected that the genders are very different from each other. Each of them have different codes that only the insider have the ability to understand.
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