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Lec. 8 rkp pidm_cultural methods
- 1. Lecture no. 8 CULTURALMETHODS FOR PEST MANAGEMENT RK Panse Assistant Professor Department of Entomology CoA, Balaghat, M.P. Subject: Principles of Integrated pest and Disease Management
- 2. Alterations / Changesin cultivation Practices Habitat mgt. Tillage Inter cropping Trap cropping Border cropping Banker cropping Eco-feast / scarifice cropping Push-Pull poly cropping Vegetative trap Crop rotation Plant nutrition Water mgt. Sanitation Closed season Mulching
- 3. • Fall ploughing(H.armigera, RHHC, Root grub, Cutworms) • Tilling of soils near bunds(grasshoppers) • Rakingup and hoeing of soil(decreases fruitfly in melon and mango) • Light earthingup in sugarcane(decreases shoot borer) • Removal of weed that act as carryover hosts
- 4. SUMMER PLOUGHING Exposes thepupae to sun and birds Cattle egrets
- 5. • Fall ploughing(H.armigera, RHHC, Root grub, Cutworms) • Tilling of soils near bunds(grasshoppers) • Rakingup and hoeing of soil(decreases fruitfly in melon and mango) • Light earthingup in sugarcane(decreases shoot borer) • Removal of weed that act as carryover hosts
- 6. Most common alternatehost (Legasca mollis) Removal of weeds : Helicoverpa
- 7. a) Trap cropping b)Intercropping c) Barrier crops d) Mulches e) Push-Pull Polycropping
- 8. a) Trap Cropping A trap crop is a plant that attracts agricultural pests away from nearby crops. Saves the main crop from destruction by pests without the use of pesticides. Involves planting small areas of a crop or other species near the protected crop.
- 9. Host crop TrapCrop Target Pest Cabbage or Cauliflower Sesamum or mustard Diamond back moth Groundnut Castor or Sunflower Spodoptera Litura Tomato Marigold or Cucumber Helicoverpa armigera, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Field beans Chrysanthemum Liriomyza trifolii Rice and potato Marigold Nematodes Maize Sorghum Corn stalk borer Cowpea Sesamum Bihar hairy caterpillar Cotton Bhendi Sucking Pests and Bollworms
- 10. b) Intercropping Cropintensification in both time and space dimensions. The two crops should not have the same pest problems (like Tomatoes and Okra are effected by same fruit borer) Nutrient need of two crops should not be same or they should extract nutrients from different layers of soil (shallow & deep root crop). If one crop is tuber (Potato, Onion) other should be fruit bearing (Tomato, Brinjal). Better to have a row of crops which acts as pest repellent like Garlic, Marigold, Onion etc.
- 11.
- 12. Advantages 1.Additional yield income/unitarea than sole cropping. 2.Insurance against failure of crops in abnormal year. 3.Soil fertility maintained as the nutrient uptake is made from both layers of soil 4.Reduction in soil runoff and controls weeds. 5.Intercrops provide shade and support to the other crop. 6.Utilizes resources efficiently and their productivity is increased 7.Intercropping with cash crops is higher profitable. 8.Helps to avoid inter-crop competition and thus a higher number of crop plants are grown per unit area.
- 13. Disadvantages 1. Yield maydecrease as the crops differ in their competitive abilities. 2.Management seems to be difficult task having different cultural practices 3. Improved implements cannot be used efficiently. 4. Higher amount of fertilizer or irrigation water cannot be utilized properly as the component crops vary in their response of these resources. 5. Harvesting may be difficult.
- 14. c) Barrier crops Thebarrier can consist of a relatively tall species that is planted around the perimeter of a primary crop. Living barriers include graminaceous species, like sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), corn (Zea mays) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Has been successful for vector management with non- persistent aphid transmitted viruses as aphids lose their infectivity few minutes after acquisition.
- 15. Napier – BorderCropping
- 16. – Life stages –Support NE’s • As trap crop • As Banker crop • As Ecofeast crop – Sacrifice crop • Maize around cotton field (decrease sucking pest and H. armigera) • Castor in Groundnut, cotton (suppress Spodoptera)
- 17. Maize around cottonfield
- 18. d) Mulches Reducesthe insect’s ability to find the crop. Inert ground covers such as plastics, sawdust, straw and rice husk mulches interfere with visual host-finding or suicidal attraction to the sun-heated mulch.
- 19. e) Push-pull polycropping Combinationof behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects in pest management with pest or beneficial the goal of pest reduction on the protected host Pests are simultaneously attracted (pull) using highly apparent and attractive stumuli such as trap crops, where they are concentrated, facilitating their elimination. Developed for subsistence farmers in east Africa. Maize and sorghum are attacked by stem borers, mainly Chilo partellus and the parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica. Stem borers are repelled from the maize and sorghum by non-hosts such as Greenleaf Desmodium, Desmodium intortum and molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora, which are the intercrops.
- 20. Intercropping maize witha repellent plant - desmodium, D. uncinatum , : PUSH •Planting an attractive trap plant - Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum as a border crop around this intercrop (as a trap crop) : PULL •Stemborer females are repelled from the main crop and are simultaneously attracted to the trap crop (Khan et al.,2000,2001;Cook et al., 2007). Eco-Friendly
- 21. • Rotation ofhost by non host plants • Effective against narrow host range • Cotton – Groundnut, ragi, maize, cowpea, soybean (decrease insects pests) • Groundnut – non leguminous crops (suppress leaf miner)
- 22. • Organic manurerich in essential nutrients induces tolerance to pest attack. • Slow release of Nitrogen from Organic manure induces antixenosis.
- 23. • Flooding offields – suppress cutworms, armyworms and root grubs • Over head irrigation washes out life stages (Groundnut leaf miner eggs, DBM) • Reduces Sugarcane Woolly Aphid
- 24. Sprinkler irrigation hasbeen found to be effective in suppressing foliage feeding insects like potato tuber moth, Pthorimaea operculella and Plutella xylostella in cabbage by deterring their mating process, egg laying and causing mortality of their neonatal stages.
- 25. • Clean cultivation– age old practice • Removal / destruction – crop residues, volunteer plants, near by host plants • Removal of cotton stalks decreases PBW • Removal of alternate hosts reduces head bug in sorghum • Removal of stalks and stubbles – shoot fly, stem borer in sorghum and paddy
- 26. • Crop holiday •Break food supply-SWA • Best for monophagous pest • Effective when combined with sanitation
- 27. Alley formation inPaddy