Lec_2 MCS5305 microprocessor and mc.pptx

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE:
A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip capable of
computing and processing similar to a computer
It can perform basic arithmetic/logical functions such as AND, OR,
ADD and SUB upon given input signals.
Microprocessor is a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) device that
contains thousands of gates in a single chip. Thus the name
micro'indicate the physical size of the components involved.
It is the central component of a microcomputer, retrieving
microinstructions from memory, decoding them into a set of
instructions, and executing the instructions sequentially.

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE:
With advancement in technology, nicroprocessors can be found
everywhere, from phones, electronics, kitchen appliances, satellites,
flights, radars s and so many more
“Microprogrammed devices”. are those having microprocessors that
contain microprograms, which impart basic logic given by their
instruction set. The microprocessor is usually enclosed in one IC
package tcalled a 'Microprocessor chip'.

The "Central Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU)," also
known as the "Micro Processing Unit," is composed of the
microprocessor and related support chips (MPU).
Microprocessor-based System
.Since it performs any calculations and coordinates the operations of
all peripheral devices, the CPU is the ocentral processing unit, in each
digital computer.
.
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE:

.The first compact desktop computers known as microcomputers have
input/output (I/O) ports for attaching peripheral devices and an 8-bit
microprocessor with up to 64Kbytes of memory.
"Personal Computers" is another name for microcomputers. However,
later 16, 32, and 64-bit microcomputers have operating systems and
peripheral connectivity to support many simultaneous users, and there
is no discernible difference between them and so-called minicomputers.
The earlier microcomputers were designed for single users only, and
this clearly distinguished them from "Minicomputers."
MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER

· Bit: A bit is a single binary digit.
· Word: A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be
processed by the arithmetic and logic unit of the processor. A 16-
bit binary number is called a word in a 16-bit processor.
· Bus: A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry similar information.
· System Bus: The system bus is a group of wires/lines used for
communication between the microprocessor and peripherals.
· Memory Word: The number of bits that can be stored in a register
or memory element is called a memory word.

· Address Bus: It contains the address, which is a special binary
pattern that can be used to locate an I/O port or memory address.
An eight bit address bus, for instance, can address 2^8 = 256
distinct locations because it has eight lines. The locations can be
expressed as 00H through FFH in hexadecimal format.
· Data Bus: Data can be transferred over the data bus between an
I/O device and a CPU or between memory and a processor. An 8-
bit CPU, for instance, would typically have an 8-bit data bus, and
a 16-bit processor, a 16-bit data bus.
· Control Bus: Control signals, such as those for choosing a
memory or I/O device from a specified address, directing data
transfer, and synchronizing data transfer in the event of slow
devices, are carried by the control bus.

Arithmetic and logic units (ALUs) work in tandem with control
units of a conventional microprocessor to process the execution
of instructions. The store-program concept is the foundation of
nearly all microprocessors.
Programs or instructions are successively stored in the memory
regions that are going to be executed according to the store-
program paradigm. A microprocessor must be programmed by
the user in order to perform any task. Therefore, the programmer
needs to be aware of its internal resources, features, and
supported commands.
Each microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list which is
provided by the microprocessor manufacturer. The instruction set
of a microprocessor is provided in two forms: binary machine
code and mnemonics

Microprocessor communicates and operates in binary numbers 0 and 1.
The set of instructions in the form of binary patterns is called a
machine language and it is difficult for us to understand.
Therefore, the binary patterns are given abbreviated names, called
mnemonics, which forms the assembly language.
The conversion of assembly-level language into binary machine-level
language is done by using an application called assembler.

Technology Used:
The semiconductor manufacturing technologies used for chips are:
· Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
· Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
· Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS)
Classification of Microprocessors: Based on their specification,
application and architecture microprocessors are classified. Based on
size of data bus:
· 4-bit microprocessor

Based on application:
 General-purpose microprocessor- used in general computer
system and can be used by programmer for any application.
Examples, 8085 to Intel Pentium.
 Microcontroller- microprocessor with built-in memory and ports
and can be programmed for any generic control application.
Example, 8051.
 Special-purpose processors- designed to handle special
functions required for an application. Examples, digital signal
processors and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
chips.
Based on architecture:
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors

APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORS (MICROCOMPUTERS):
While comparing microprocessors it is better to consider the
application at hand. Generally, there are three types of microprocessor
depending on the usage:
1. General or All-Purpose microprocessor.
2. Embedded or Dedicated microprocessor.
3. Peripheral Control microprocessor.

A General-Purpose microprocessor is capable of executing various
instructions and can be instrunted as to what specific sequence of
operations it must perform. It has many of applications as personal
computer in education, business, and home.
On the other hand, Embedded or Dedicated microprocessors are
special purpose microprocessors, the sequence of micro-operations
is fixed and the computer performs the same specific task over and
over again. These used to control 'smart machines' such as
microwave ovens, food blenders, washing machines, and driers.
These are also termed as 'Microcontrollers'. Basically, a
microcontroller is a single chip computer. Contained in one
integrated circuit (IC) package are the CPU, ROM, RAM, and
several I/O lines. The advantage of using a microcontroller is that
many logic devices can be condensed into a single IC.

Peripheral Control microprocessors are attached to main
microprocessors. So they are also referred as 'Attach/ Slave
microprocessors/Coprocessors’.
These are used in many computer systems for video graphics, data
communication, sound synthesis, floating-point math, and direct
memory accesses (DMA).
Their main objective is to offload the main microprocessor, thus
saving time and improving speeds. As a result, the main processor
is able to concentrate on higher-level tasks resulting in improved
system performance.

The concept of 'Distributed Computing or Processing' is evolving,
and future microcomputers systems will be designed with separate
processors for each I/O device in the system.
Distributed processing is the organization of processing in such
away that a number of machines (microprocessors) can cooperate
in exchanging data over a network.
Local processing is carried out locally and the exchanged data
affects the system as a whole.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS: -
The real power of a computer is the titanic speed with which it
performs calculations.
A computer sequentially performs one operation at a time. The time
required to perform operations is called the 'Processing Speed' of the
computer.
This rate is expressed in millions of instruction per second (MIPS).
Computers are classified according to their processing speed.
It depends not only on the hardware characteristics of the system but
also on the efficiency of its software components.
Some hardware characteristics of importance in achieving high
processing speed are as follows:

Word Length/Size: is the number of bits treated by the computer as
a unit. It can be 4-, 8-, 16-, 32-bits and so on e .g., a 16-bit word will
be able to hold numbers in the range from -215 through +215-1.
The number of different types of instructions is directly related to
the word length/size. So it can be concluded that larger the word
length, the greater the processing speed.
Data Path Size: depends on the width of the internal CPU buses.
Wider data paths speed up CPU operations, since more information
is transmitted in a single transfer.
Other important hardware functions are the logic family,
overlapping of CPU instructions, memory bandwidth, I/O bandwidth
etc.

THE Intel 8088/86 MICROPROCESSOR FAMILY: -
The width of the data bus in bits is usually used to categorize the
microprocessors. On this basis of word length they are categorized
into:
1. 8-bit microprocessor.
2. 16-bit microprocessor.
3. 32-bit microprocessor and so on.
The width of data bus determines how much data the microprocessor
can read or write in one memory or I/O cycle. The term 16-bit means
that its ALU, its internal registers, and most of its instructions are
designed to work with 16-bits (also called 'word’).
Some microprocessors have an internal data bus wider than the external
one, e.g. in the Intel 8088 the widths of the external and internal data
buses are 8- and 16-bits respectively, for which it is also referred to as
“8/16-bit microprocessor”.

Another example of 8/16-bit microprocessor is Motorola’s 68008.
Anyhow, it is the external data bus that determines the bits transferred
during a memory or I/O machine cycle. Consequently, a device like
the 8088 is still considered an 8-bit microprocessor.
The 8088 is one of the pioneer members of the third generation
microprocessors, a direct descendent of the 4004, the world’s first
CPU and the heart of the earliest personal computers.
VLSI techniques have given it a lot of muscle- the ability to
manipulate 16-bit data, directly address a MB of memory, a hefty
operating speed and a versatile 16-bit instruction set.

Lec_2 MCS5305 microprocessor and mc.pptx

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