Lecture 02- Introduction to Computerspdf
- 1. Lecture 02: Introduction to Computers 109101– Introduction to ICT Dr. Bilal Ahmad Khan Assistant Professor (EE) Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad [email protected] [email protected] http://www.bilalahmadkhan.com
- 2. • • • • • Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to Accept input Process that input Produce information Alternatively, a computer is a device capable of performing calculations and making logical decisions at speeds millions, and even billions, of times faster than human beings can. What is a Computer?
- 3. • • • • For example Many of today’s Personal Computers can perform tens of millions of additions per second. A person operating a desk calculator might require decades to complete the same number of calculations a powerful personal computer can perform in one second. Supercomputers can perform hundreds of billions of additions per second. And trillions-instructions per second computer are already functioning in research laboratories.
- 4. • • • • • • • • • • 1950's Large devices, accessible to few people 1960's Commercial usage emerges Operated by experts 1970's Computers cheaper, smaller 1990's Computers fast, small, inexpensive Owned and used by many people Computer History
- 6. The Language of a Computer • • • • • • • Uses digital signals all 0's and 1's (binary) bits (BInary digiTs) Data and commands stored in binary 8 bits in a byte ASCII character stored in a byte Integers stored in 2 or 4 bytes
- 7. Binary Units
- 8. Evolution of Programming Languages • • • • Early computers programmed in machine languages All binary numbers Assembly language used mnemonic codes Codes translated into machine language by a program called the assembler
- 9. Evolution of Programming Languages Programming Languages Lower-level First Generation Machine Language Second Generation Assembly Language Higher-level Third Generation C, C++, Java, JavaScript Fourth Generation Perl, PHP, Python, SQL Fifth Generation Mercury, Prolog
- 10. Components of a Computer • • • • • • • • • • • • • Hardware The physical components of a computer keyboard mouse monitor speakers Software The programs that run on a computer Word-processor Calculator Spread-sheets Firmware Programs permanently stored in computer ROM
- 11. Computer Hardware • • • • • • Each Hardware component of a computer falls in one of these four categories: Processor Memory Input/ Output Storage Buses (Bundles of wires)
- 12. Computer Hardware • • • • • Processor It is the brain of a computer It reads instructions and executes them one at a time Multi-core processors can execute multiple instructions Components like video cards may have their own dedicated processor to decrease the burden the over-head on the main processor (on the motherboard)
- 13. Computer Hardware • • • • • Processor (continued) The overall performance of a computer is greatly dependent on the processor’s speed Memory It serves as a temporary store-room for the programs being run. e.g., when a game is started, it is first loaded into Memory ANALOGY: Books are kept in the shelf, while the one to be studied is placed on the table
- 14. Computer Hardware • • • • • Memory (continued) RAM serves as the ‘Main Memory’ for the system The OS reserves a portion of RAM for itself Every subsequent program is given a share in RAM Devices like video cards have their own dedicated memory to share burden with RAM
- 15. Computer Hardware • • • • Cache Moving data from RAM is very much time consuming because RAM is very slow Hence cache is used; much faster CPU f i rst looks in the cache, if the required instructions aren’t present there, it fetches it from RAM and saves a copy in the cache as well for future use
- 16. Computer Hardware • • • • • • • • • • Cache (continued) Cache is found; Built into the CPU (L1 cache) External cache on the CPU (L2 cache) Cache on the motherboard (L3 cache) (in high-end systems) Also found on Hard drives and Network cards etc. Duties … L1 cache holds the most recently used instructions L2 cache holds the possibly upcoming instructions L3 cache holds a number of possibly required instructions
- 17. Computer Hardware • • • • Input Devices Through which computer takes input from the user e.g., Mouse, Keyboard, microphone, camera etc. Trackballs, trackpads, pens and touch screens are variants of mouse In addition Game controllers, Bar Code Readers and Optical character Recognition (OCR) are other input devices
- 18. Computer Hardware • • • Output Devices Used by the computer to give the results to the outside world Examples include monitor, printer, speakers, headphones etc.
- 19. Computer Hardware • • • • • Storage Devices Store the data permanently so that it isn’t lost by removing power Examples: Magnetic Storage Devices include Floppy Disks and Hard Disks Optical Media include CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs and now Blue-Ray are coming
- 20. Computer Hardware • • • • • Bus A bundle of wires running between different components of a computer, providing a means of transferring data and the control signals Two types Internal (system) bus; resides on the motherboard and connects CPU to the devices that reside on the motherboard External (expansion) bus; connects external devices, such as mouse, modem, keyboard, printer etc. to the CPU/motherboard
- 21. Computer Hardware • • • • • • • • Bus (continued) The system bus has two parts; Data Bus Connects CPU, RAM and other devices on the motherboard Number of wires affects the number of bits that can be carried at a time, normally 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit buses are available Like CPU, bus has its own clock-speed, normally 100MHz or 133 MHz. 800 MHz in high computers Address Bus Connects only the RAM and CPU, used for addressing
- 22. Computer Hardware • • • • • • • Bus Standards (continued) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Based on a special architecture that allows the video card to access the RAM directly Not supported by old PCs USB (Universal Serial Bus) Hot swappable A hot swap is inserting or removing a component of a device while it is operating. Hot-swappable indicates an aspect of a device that allows such an operation.
- 23. Software • • • Set of instructions that tell the processor what steps to take Software brings the machine to life Discussed in detail in a later chapter
- 24. Firmware • • • Firmware is a set of very basic instructions to guide the computer through the initial steps on startup Burnt permanently into the system BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is an example
- 25. Components of a Computer Hardware • • • • CPU Memory I/O Devices Etc… Software • • Application Software System Software
- 26. A Typical Computer System Printer (output) Monitor (output) Speaker (output) Scanner (input) Mouse (input) Keyboard (input) System unit (processor, memory…) Storage devices (CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk, zip,…)