Lecture # 02 - OOP with Python Language by Muhammad Haroon

OOP with Python mr.harunahmad2014@gmail.com CS/IT/SE/CSE
Muhammad Haroon – PhD CS (Enrolled) from Hitec University Taxila 0300-7327761
Object Oriented Programming with Python
(Lecture # 02)
by
Muhammad Haroon
Object Oriented Programming with Python
In this Lecture, following aspects will be covered in detail:
✓ Difference between object and procedural oriented programming
✓ Object-Oriented Programming methodologies:
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Encapsulation
o Abstraction
✓ Difference between Object-Oriented and Procedural Oriented Programming
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Procedural-Oriented Programming (POP)
It is a bottom-up approach It is a top-down approach
Program is divided into objects Program is divided into functions
Makes use of Access modifiers
‘public’, private’, protected’
Doesn’t use Access modifiers
It is more secure It is less secure
Object can move freely within member
functions
Data can move freely from function to function within
programs
It supports inheritance It does not support inheritance
Remember: “Creating an Object and Class in python” discuss in the previous lecture.
Creating an Object and Class in python
class employee():
def __init__(self,name,age,id,salary): #creating a function
self.name = name # self is an instance of a class
self.age = age
self.salary = salary

self.id = id
emp1 = employee("Muhammad Haroon",27,1000,1234) #creating objects
emp2 = employee("M.Haroon",27,2000,2234)
print(emp1.__dict__)#Prints dictionary
Figure 1: Creating an Object and Class in python
Explanation:
’emp1’ and ’emp2’ are the objects that are instantiated against the class ’employee’. Here, the word
(__dict__) is a “dictionary” which prints all the values of object ‘emp1’ against the given parameter
(name, age, salary). (__init__) acts like a constructor that is invoked whenever an object is created.
Object-Oriented Programming Methodologies:
Object-Oriented Programming methodologies deal with the following concepts:
✓ Inheritance
✓ Polymorphism
✓ Encapsulation
✓ Abstraction
Let us understand the first concept of inheritance in detail.
Inheritance

Ever heard of this dialogue from relatives “you look exactly like your father/mother” the reason behind
this is called ‘inheritance’. From the Programming aspect, It generally means “inheriting or transfer of
characteristics from parent to child class without any modification”. The new class is called the
derived/child class and the one from which it is derived is called a parent/base class.
Let us understand each of the sub topics in detail.
Single Inheritance:
Single level inheritance enables a derived class to inherit characteristics from a single parent class.
Example:
Figure 2: Single Inheritance

Explanation:
✓ I am taking the parent class and created a constructor (__init__), class itself is initializing the
attributes with parameters(‘name’, ‘age’ and ‘salary’).
✓ Created a child class ‘childemployee’ which is inheriting the properties from a parent class and
finally instantiated objects ’emp1′ and ’emp2′ against the parameters.
✓ Finally, I have printed the age of emp1. Well, you can do a hell lot of things like print the whole
dictionary or name or salary.
Multilevel Inheritance:
Multi-level inheritance enables a derived class to inherit properties from an immediate parent class which
in turn inherits properties from his parent class.
Example:
Figure 3: Multilevel Inheritance:
Explanation:
✓ It is clearly explained in the code written above, Here I have defined the superclass as employee
and child class as childemployee1. Now, childemployee1 acts as a parent for childemployee2.
✓ I have instantiated two objects ’emp1′ and ’emp2′ where I am passing the parameters “name”,
“age”, “salary” for emp1 from superclass “employee” and “name”, “age, “salary” and “id” from
the parent class “childemployee1”.

Hierarchical Inheritance:
Hierarchical level inheritance enables more than one derived class to inherit properties from a parent class.
Example:
Figure 4: Hierarchical Inheritance
Explanation:
✓ In the above Figure 4, you can clearly see there are two child class “childemployee1” and
“childemployee2”. They are inheriting functionalities from a common parent class that is
“employee”.
✓ Objects ’emp1′ and ’emp2′ are instantiated against the parameters ‘name’, ‘age’, ‘salary’.
Multiple Inheritance:
Multiple level inheritance enables one derived class to inherit properties from more than one base class.
Example:

Figure 5: Multiple Inheritance
Explanation:
✓ In the above Figure 5, I have taken two parent class “employee1” and “employee2”. And a child
class “childemployee”, which is inheriting both parent class by instantiating the objects ’emp1′
and ’emp2′ against the parameters of parent classes.
✓ This was all about inheritance, moving ahead in Object-Oriented Programming Python, let’s take
a deep dive in ‘polymorphism‘.
Polymorphism:
You all must have used GPS for navigating the route, Isn’t it amazing how many different routes you
come across for the same destination depending on the traffic, from a programming point of view this is
called ‘polymorphism’. It is one such OOP methodology where one task can be performed in several
different ways. To put it in simple words, it is a property of an object which allows it to take multiple
forms.

Polymorphism is of two types:
✓ Compile-time Polymorphism
✓ Run-time Polymorphism
Compile-time Polymorphism:
A compile-time polymorphism also called as static polymorphism which gets resolved during the
compilation time of the program. One common example is “method overloading”. Let me show you a
quick example of the same.
Example:
Figure 6: Compile-time Polymorphism
Explanation:
✓ In the above Figure 6, I have created two classes ’employee1′ and ’employee2′ and created
functions for both ‘name’, ‘salary’ and ‘age’ and printed the value of the same without taking it
from the user.
✓ Now, welcome to the main part where I have created a function with ‘obj’ as the parameter and
calling all the three functions i.e. ‘name’, ‘age’ and ‘salary’.
✓ Later, instantiated objects emp_1 and emp_2 against the two classes and simply called the
function. Such type is called method overloading which allows a class to have more than one
method under the same name.

Run-time Polymorphism:
A run-time Polymorphism is also, called as dynamic polymorphism where it gets resolved into the run
time. One common example of Run-time polymorphism is “method overriding”. Let me show you
through an example for a better understanding.
Example:
Figure 7: Run-time Polymorphism
Explanation:
In the above Figure 7, I have created two classes ‘childemployee1’ and ‘childemployee2’ which are
derived from the same base class ‘employee’. Here’s the catch one did not receive money whereas the
other one gets. Now the real question is how did this happen? Well, here if you look closely I created an
empty function and used Pass ( a statement which is used when you do not want to execute any command
or code). Now, Under the two derived classes, I used the same empty function and made use of the print
statement as ‘no money’ and ‘has money’. Lastly, created two objects and called the function.
Encapsulation:
In a raw form, encapsulation basically means binding up of data in a single class. Python does not have
any private keyword, unlike Java. A class shouldn’t be directly accessed but be prefixed in an underscore.
Let me show you an example for a better understanding.

Example:
Figure 8: Encapsulation
Explanation:
You will get this question what is the underscore and error? Well, python class treats the private variables
as(__salary) which cannot be accessed directly.
So, I have made use of the setter method which provides indirect access to them in my next example.
Example:

Figure 9: Encapsulation
Explanation:
Making Use of the setter method provides indirect access to the private class method. Here I have defined
a class employee and used a (__maxearn) which is the setter method used here to store the maximum
earning of the employee, and a setter function setmaxearn() which is taking price as the parameter.
This is a clear example of encapsulation where we are restricting the access to private class method and
then use the setter method to grant access.
Abstraction:
Suppose you booked a movie ticket from bookmyshow using net banking or any other process. You don’t
know the procedure of how the pin is generated or how the verification is done. This is called
‘abstraction’ from the programming aspect, it basically means you only show the implementation details
of a particular process and hide the details from the user. It is used to simplify complex problems by
modeling classes appropriate to the problem.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated which simply means you cannot create objects for this type of
class. It can only be used for inheriting the functionalities.
Example:

Figure 10: Abstraction
Explanation:
As you can see in the above Figure 10, we have imported an abstract method and the rest of the program
has a parent and a derived class. An object is instantiated for the ‘childemployee’ base class and
functionality of abstract is being used.
This brings us to the end of our Lecture on “OOP with Python”. I hope you have cleared with all the
concepts related to Python class, objects and object-oriented concepts in python. Make sure you practice
as much as possible and revert your experience.
End

Lecture # 02 - OOP with Python Language by Muhammad Haroon

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