Research Methodology

Research Methodology
Somalia International University
faculty of health sciences
Mr. Mohamed Hassan tacshir

Unit Structure
 Objectives
 Introduction
 Sources Acquiring Knowledge
 Meaning, Steps and Scope of Educational Research
 Scientific Method, aims and characteristics of research as a
scientific activity
 Ethical considerations in Educational Research
 Types of Research
 a Fundamental
 b Applied Research
 c. Action Research

OBJECTIVES
 After reading this unit, you will be able to:
 To explain the concept of Educational Research
 To describe the scope of Educational Research
 To Identity fundamental research
 To Identity applied research To Identify action
research
 To Differentiate between fundamental, applied,
and action research

INTRODUCTION
 Research in the context of public health thus aims
to provide all aspects of information necessary for
planning and the effective implementation of a
health system. For all communities, health
research is the top priority. The research questions
are formidable: how to join with policy makers
and communities in assessing priority needs,
planning, financing and implementing programs,
and evaluating them in terms of coverage,
efficiency and effectiveness.

Con…
 Research purifies human life. It improves
its quality. It is search for knowledge. If
shows how to Solve any problem
scientifically. It is a careful enquiry through
search for any kind of Knowledge. It is a
journey from known to unknown. It is a
systematic effort to gain new knowledge
in any kind of discipline. When it Seeks a
solution of any educational problem it leads
to educational research.

MEANING, STEPS AND SCOPE
OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
 According to Mouly, ―Educational
Research is the systematic application of
scientific method for solving for solving
educational problem.
 Travers thinks, ―Educational Research is
the activity for developing science of
behavior in educational situations. It allows
the educator to achieve his goals effectively.

Definition and characteristics of research
 Definition: Research is a scientific inquiry aimed
at learning new facts, testing ideas, etc. It is the
systematic collection, analysis and interpretation
of data to generate new knowledge and answer a
certain question or solve a problem.

Characteristics of research
 It demands a clear statement of the problem
 It requires a plan
 It builds on existing data, using both
positive and negative findings
 New data should be collected as required
and be organized in such a way that they
answer the research question(s)
 It is highly purposeful.
 It deals with educational problems
regarding students and teachers as well.

Con…
 It attempts to organize data quantitatively
and qualitatively to arrive at statistical
inferences.
 It discovers new facts in new perspective. i.
e. It generates new knowledge.
 It is based on some philosophic theory.
 It depends on the researchers ability,
ingenuity and experience for its
interpretation and conclusions.
 It needs interdisciplinary approach for
solving educational problem.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF
RESEARCH
 The researcher should maintain strict
confidentiality about the information
obtained from the respondents. No
information about the personal details of the
respondents should be revealed in any of the
records, reports or to other individuals
without the respondents‘ permission

Con…
 The researcher should not make use of
hidden cameras, microphones, tape-
recorders or observers without the
respondents‘ permission. Similarly, private
correspondence should not be used without
the concerned respondent‘s permission
 The researcher should accept the fact that
the subjects have the freedom to decline to
participate or to withdraw from the
experiment.

STEPS OF RESEARCH :
 The various steps involved in the research
process can be summarized as follows:
 Identifying the Gap in Knowledge
 Identifying the Antecedent / Causes
 Stating the Goals
 Formulating Hypotheses
 Collecting Relevant Information
 Testing the Hypotheses
 Interpreting the Findings
 Modifying Theory

SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL
RESEARCH :
 It discovers facts and relationship in order
to make educational process more effective.
It relates social sciences like education.
 It includes process like investigation,
planning (design) collecting data,
processing of data, their analysis,
interpretation and drawing inferences.
 It covers areas from formal education and
conformal education as well.

TYPES OF RESEARCH :
 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH :
 APPLIED RESEARCH :
 ACTION RESEARCH :

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH :
 Fundamental research is usually carried on
in a laboratory or other sterile
environment, sometimes with animals.
This type of research, which has no
immediate or planned application, may
later result in further research of an applied
nature. Basic researches involve the
development of theory.

Con…
 It is not concerned with practical
applicability and most closely resembles the
laboratory conditions and controls usually
associated with scientific research. It is
concerned establishing generally principles
of learning.

Con…
 Basic research is primarily concerned with
the formulation of the theory or a
contribution to the existing body of
knowledge. Its major aim is to obtain and
use the empirical data to formulate, expand
or evaluate theory. This type of research
draws its pattern and spirit from the
physical sciences.

APPLIED RESEARCH :
 The second type of research which aims to
solve an immediate practical problem, is
referred to as applied research. According
to Travers, ―applied research is undertaken
to solve an immediate practical problem and
the goal of adding to scientific knowledge is
secondary.‖

Con…
 It is research performed in relation to actual
problems and under the conditions in which
they are found in practice.
 We may depend upon basic research for the
discovery of more general laws of learning,
but applied research much is conducted in
the order to determine how these laws
operate in the classroom.

Con…
 The applied research may also be employed
a university or research institute or may be
found in private industry or working for a
government agency. In the field of
education such a person might be employed
by a curriculum publishing company, a state
department of education, or a college of
education at a university. Applied
researches are also found in the settings in
which the application or practitioner‘s role
is primary.

ACTION RESEARCH :
 Research designed to uncover effective
ways of dealing with problems in the real
world can be referred to as action research.
 This kind of research is not confined to a
particular methodology or paradigm. For
example, a study of the effectiveness of
training teenage parents to care for their
infants. The study is based on statistical
and other evidence that infants of teenage
mothers seemed to be exposed to more risks
than other infants.

Con…
 The purpose of action research is to solve
classroom problems through the application
of scientific methods. It is concerned with a
local problem and is conducted in a local
setting. It is not concerned with whether the
results are generalizable to any other setting
and is not characterized by the same kind of
control evidence in other categories of
research.

QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 The emphasis of Quantitative research is on
collecting and analysing numerical data; it
concentrates on measuring the scale, range,
frequency etc. of phenomena.
 Quantitative research, is more concerned
with questions about: how much? How
many? How often? To what extent? Etc.

Qualitative research
 Qualitative research is more subjective in
nature than Quantitative research and
involves examining and reflecting on the
less tangible aspects of a research subject,
e.g. values, attitudes, perceptions.
 Qualitative research is concerned with
developing explanations of social
phenomena. it aims to help us to understand
the world in which we live and why things
are the way they are.

Con…
 It is concerned with the social aspects of our
world and seeks to answer questions about:
 Qualitative research is concerned with
finding the answers to questions which
begin with: why? How? In what way?

RESEARCH PHILIOSOPHIES
 Research is not ‘neutral’, but reflects a
range of the researcher’s personal interests,
values, abilities, assumptions, aims and
ambitions.

Con…
 In the case of your own proposed research,
your own mixtures of these elements will
not only determine the subject of the
research, but will influence your approach
to it. It is important to consider in advance
what approach you to take with your
research – and why.

There are essential two main research
philosophies

Main components of any
research work
I. Preparing a research proposal
II. Fieldwork (i.e., data collection)
III. Analyzing data and preparing a research
report

Research Methodology

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