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Lecture 3, 4-Literatu re review.pptx
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- 2. 2 What is Literature?? Literature: major writings esp scholarly writings, on the topic. Including journal articles, books, published essays, government reports the body of scholarly, professional information that is used by professionals and scholars working on that topic area (North Carolina State University 2011)
- 3. 3 What is Review??? Review: means overview summarizing major parts and bringing them together to build a picture of what’s out there Different field has different standard (straightforward summary or deep analysis and discussion) (North Carolina State University 2011)
- 4. 4 ??? Literature Review A LITERATURE REVIEW : is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. is a secondary sources, do not report any new or original experimental works. often associated as academic-oriented literature
- 5. 5 LITERATURE REVIEW IS A SUMMARYOF PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON A TOPIC
- 6. 6 Why do weneed Lit Review? To know what is already known in the area of interest Understanding of the works of others in the same field Developing an argument about the significance of the research To lead the research Give ideas to support a particular viewpoint or argument Able to revise and refine the research questions in the process of reviewing the literature
- 7. 7 Main purpose Toprovide the rationale or reason for the current study: Demonstrating the gap the proposed research seeks to address Solving the inconsistency of the result of previous study Improvised the previous research designed
- 8. 8 Literature reviewshould be to identify: What is already known about the area? What concepts and theories are relevant to this area? What research methods and research strategies have been employed in studying this area Are there any significant controversies? Are there any consistencies in finding relating to this area? Are there any unanswered research questions in this area?
- 9. 9 Literature Review Can be: asubsection or stand alone
- 10. 10 Literature Review Subsection: Usually put in early in the larger work. After the introduction but before the Methods May incorporated in the Background
- 11. 11 Literature Review…subsection Examples: A component in a larger research project or paper A chapter in a theses or dissertation A mandatory section if you want to write and publish a scholarly journal article The analysis of existing research performed before a research proposal A component in the background or justification when applying for grant money
- 12. 12 Literature review…stand alone Stand alone: A literature review assigned for class on its own (to understand and write up current research on a topic) An analytical essay synthesizing an annotated bibliography into a formal paper A review article that you write to publish in a scholarly journal (North Carolina State University 2011)
- 13. 13 Tips in readingliterature review Take good notes (content, reference) Critical reading skills Use to show the research question is important Do not try to get everything into a literature Shouldn’t stop reading
- 14. 14 Example of LITERATURE 1) Journal articles Commonest source Concise Up to date 2)Books Less up to date than journal Useful for providing overall summaries of the state of knowledge in an area Starting point for finding more detail information
- 15. 15 3) Conferenceproceedings May contains research that is not yet available in journal Give an indication on the leading practitioner in the area 4) Government and international agencies Frequently commission research Publish their findings in reports Can be valuable source of original research
- 16. 16 Stages in theliterature search Manage your retrieved searches Appraise and evaluate Where and how to search Identifying concepts and keywords Focus on the topic
- 17. 17 How to dothe search? Vary depending on the sources you are searching Using advanced search techniques Some regular search technique: A) Keywords Just spell out and type in English the entire or part of the questions or topics into the query box B) Boolean searching (and, or, not) ‘and’- narrowing the search ‘or’ – broader the search ‘not’- use to exclude term, more focus
- 18. 18 How to dothe search? Phrase searching Enable to search for words that appear together to make a phrase Eg: ‘diabetes mellitus’, ‘case control study’ Truncation Variations of words such as plurals and similar words with different endings Eg: nurs*=nurse, nurses
- 19. 19 How to dothe search? Wildcard Is used to substitute a single or more characters within the word Eg: wom?n=women,woman you? = youth, young Limiting a search Make use available ‘limits’ in the advanced search of the database Limits the publication years, language, types of literatures
- 20. 20 Which article tochoose? Known author of the field (ability of the writer to carry out valid research) Source Relevant organization (eg: WHO, CDC) Peer reviewed (whether go through a rigorous process) Quality of the article (by doing critical appraisal)
- 21. 21 Critical appraisal..in general •Why did they start the research? • Why was the research done? Introduction •What did they do? Methods •What did they find? Results • What do the results mean? Discussion
- 22. 22 Critical appraisal Titleand abstract Relevant to the study Able to tell what the article is all about Abstract: give an indication of how well the study was conducted Methodology Study design Hierarchy of evidence RCT is better than cross sectional study Study conduct Well spell out, understandable Use standard parameters Validated, reliable research tool
- 23. 23 Critical appraisal Study sample Sample size Sampling method Comparable and appropriate control group Minimal loss drop out Research tools Appropriate Standard Validated Reliable Ethical issues
- 24. 24 Critical appraisal Result Relevant to the study objective Appropriate statistical analysis Should report all the against result even though it is against the hypotheses Bias & confounders adjusted CI is not wide Discussion Relevant to the study result Related and can be applied to the study
- 25. 25 Critical appraisal Conclusions Importance (or otherwise) of the findings, supported by the result Recommendation Include comments Possible improvement Future study areas References and Bibliography Up to date
- 26. 26 How to quote? Read the whole article Appraised the study Understand the discussion DON’T QUOTE FROM THE ABSTRACT Don’t copy and paste Develop sub chapter
- 27. 27 Writing the LiteratureReview …in general Always begin with an introduction to the review and end with a summary Develop continuity between the topic and subtopic Use direct quotation infrequently Always cite your sources Present your knowledge on the topics and subtopics
- 28. 28 Writing the literaturereview Establishing the pattern Focus Mapping the field Placement Establishing direction and flow Writing style Managing the reading material Reading and note taking Further reading
- 29. 29 1) Establishing thepattern Start with a research question Look at how others have contributed to an understanding of the issues Establish a gap which needs to be investigated Define your method of investigation Do your research Analyze your own research Point to the next area of investigation
- 30. 30 2) Focus Presentan overview of issues in the field and interrelationships between them Identify main issues, finding and common themes Present the current debates on theses issues Identify the limitation of the existing literature Explain how the research adds to, or contradicts Reveal relevant methodologies and theoretical frameworks that you wish to use for the research project
- 31. 31 3) Mapping thefield Concept mapping Diagram that lays out key ideas related to the area and indicates relationships between theses areas Conceptual framework Moving from the literature to develop an idea of the thesis as a whole Links literature, core concepts and research question Help to structure the review
- 32. 32 4) Placement Whereshould the literature review be placed?
- 33. 33 5) Establishing directionand flow Broad introduction to topics Re se ar ch qu es tio
- 34. 34 6) Writing style 7)Managing the reading material Take notes of keywords Table Use index system (eg: Endnotes) 8) Reading and note taking Use flow charts Summarize 9) Further reading
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- 36. 36 Conceptualizing a literature review…postgraduate perspective List Understood as a list comprising pertinent items representing the literature of the subject Search Is a process of identifying relevant information and the focus is on finding or looking which may involve going through sources (eg: article, databases) to identify information Survey As an investigation of past and present writing or research on a subject; this investigation may be analytical or descriptive
- 37. 37 Conceptualizing a literaturereview… postgraduate perspective Vehicle Learning that leads to an increase in the knowledge and understanding Able to test personal perceptions Facilitator The process of helping to identify the topic, support a methodology, provide a contact or change research direction. Shaping the course of the student’s research Report Written discussion of the literature on previously conducted investigations
- 38. 38 References 1. DeakinUniversity Australia. http://www.deakin.edu.au/current-students/study -support/study-skills/research . 13 September 2012 2.Dr Wan Mohd Zahiruddin bin Wan Mohammad.2011. Literature Review. Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. 5-7th April 2011. 3. Getting started reviewing the literature. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199588053/b rymansrm4e_cho5.pdf . 13 september 2012