lecture 3_ cotrol of infection 241005.pdf

lecture 3_ cotrol of infection 241005.pdf

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  Course Title: Principleof Nursing and First Aids in Pharmacy Practices Prepared by: Dr. Noman Ahmed Alhatemi Assistant Professor in Public Health Lecture No.3: Infection Control Time :1 hrs Department: Pharmacy Level: Third Level / First Semester
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  Outline of Lecture Atthe end this lecture students will be able to:- • Explain Nature of infection • Knowledge Chain of infection transmission • Understanding the Acquired hospital acquired infection (Nosocomial infection) • Explain the Infection control: (Medical and surgical aseptic techniques) • Knowledge Isolation precautions (Barrier nursing) • apply the Hand washing • Description the Isolation: source and protective
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  Introduction • Normal Floraand Microbiome: Microorganisms occur naturally and are present everywhere in our environment. Some microorganisms live on the skin, in the nasopharynx, and in the gastrointestinal tract, but don’t become an infection unless the host becomes susceptible. These microorganisms are called normal flora. Over the past several years, it has been discovered that every human being carries their own individual suite of microorganisms in and on their body referred to as their microbiome. A person’s microbiome is acquired at birth and evolves over their lifetime. It is different across body sites and between individuals. A person’s gut microbiome has recently been found to impact their immune system
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  Basic Concept ofInfection Control (Nature of infection)
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  Cont. basic conceptof infection control • Pathogens • Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens. There are four common types of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. • Viruses • Viruses are made up of a piece of genetic code, such as DNA or RNA, and are protected by a coating of protein. After a host (i.e., the person) becomes infected by a virus, the virus invades the body’s cells and uses the components of the cell to replicate and produce more viruses. After the virus replication cycle is complete, the new viruses are released into the body, causing damage or destruction of the host’s cells. • Antiviral medications can be used to treat some viral infections. Antibiotics do not kill viruses and are ineffective as a treatment for viral infections.
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  Cont. Basic Conceptof Infection Control • Bacteria Bacteria are microorganisms made of a single cell. They are very diverse, have a variety of shapes and features, and have the ability to live in any environment, including your body. However, not all bacteria cause infections. Those that cause infection are called pathogenic bacteria. A patient is susceptible to bacterial infections when their immune system is compromised by chronic diseases or certain types of medications. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. However, some strains of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.
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  Cont. • Fungi There aremillions of different fungal species on Earth. Fungi can be found everywhere in the environment, including indoors, outdoors, and on human skin, but only about 300 species cause infection when they overgrow. Candida albicans is a type of fungus that can cause oral thrush and vaginal yeast infections, especially in susceptible patients or those taking antibiotics. Fungi cells contain a nucleus and other components protected by a membrane and a thick cell wall. This structure can make them harder to kill. Some new strains of fungal infections are proving to be especially dangerous, such as Candida auris, which is difficult to diagnose and treat, and can cause outbreaks in health care facilities
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  Cont. • Parasites • Parasitesare organisms that behave like tiny animals, living in or on a host, and feeding at the expense of the host. Three main types of parasites can cause disease in humans. These include the following: • Protozoa: Single-celled organisms that can live and multiply in your body • Helminths: Multi-celled organisms that can live inside or outside your body and are commonly known as worms • Ectoparasites: Multi-celled organisms that live on or feed off skin, including ticks and mosquitos • Parasites can be spread several ways, including through contaminated soil, water, food, and blood, as well as through sexual contact and insect bites.
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  Term For anInfection to Occur • Sources: places where infectious agents (germs) live (e.g., sinks, surfaces, human skin). Sources are also called reservoirs. • Susceptible person: someone who is not vaccinated or otherwise immune. For example, a person with a weakened immune system who has a way for the germs to enter the body. • Transmission: a way germs move to the susceptible person. Germs depend on people, the environment and/or medical equipment to move in healthcare settings. Transmission is also called a pathway. • Colonization: when someone has germs on or in their body but does not have symptoms of an infection. Colonized people can still transmit the germs they carry.
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  Acquired hospital acquiredinfection (Nosocomial infection) • Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI).
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  Evaluation of Nosocomialinfection • Laboratory testing complements the history and clinical examination in elucidating the possible source of infection and revealing evidence of organ dysfunction. Serum levels of lactic acid, liver transaminases, prothrombin time, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine can support clinical findings of hypoperfusion. Other important lab findings include low or elevated white cell counts, elevated bands, thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and reduced mixed venous blood saturation. Obtaining samples for cultures before initiation of antibiotics is vital in early identification of the pathogen and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.
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  Management and treatment •Management of hospital-acquired infections follows standard goal-directed therapy if sepsis, antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and close monitoring for organ dysfunction. Fluid resuscitation should be followed by serial assessments of the clinical and hemodynamic responses. The selection and timing of initiation of antibiotics are critical. Empiric antibiotics should be selected based on risk factors for MDR pathogens and clinical stability of the patient. Antibiotics should be started early within an hour if possible.
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  Infection Control: ➢Medical andsurgical aseptic techniques: 1. Perform appropriate hand hygiene. 2. Use standard precautions. 3. Use category-specific, transmission-based precautions. 4. Maintain a sterile field and equipment. 5. Apply and safely remove sterile gloves and personal protective equipment. 6.Dispose of contaminated wastes appropriately
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  Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) Multidrug-resistantorganisms (MDROs) are continuing to develop and spread in healthcare settings throughout the United States. Because of this, efforts to prevent MDRO transmission are still needed. In the past, MDROs were identified after lab confirmation, however, research has found that these organisms can spread long before being detected. A prevention approach that incorporates multiple healthcare facilities can potentially limit spread more effectively than response strategies alone.
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  •Thank you