Lecture # 8.ppt
- 1. Human Computer Interaction Lecture 08 Interaction Paradigms
- 3. • Agriculture paradigm • Industrial paradigm • Computer paradigm • Sunnyplast • Pemper • Zerox
- 4. What are Paradigms • New computing technologies arrive, creating a new perception of the human—computer relationship, giving rise to new paradigm shifts • We can trace some of these shifts in the history of interactive technologies. • History of interactive system design provides paradigms for usable designs
- 5. The Initial paradigm • Batch processing Impersonal computing
- 7. Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Time-sharing Interactive computing
- 8. Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking ??? @#$% ! Community computing
- 9. Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical displays % foo.bar ABORT dumby!!! C…P… filename dot star… or was it R…M? Move this file here, and copy this to there. Direct manipulation
- 10. Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical display • Microprocessor Personal computing
- 11. Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical display • Microprocessor • WWW Global information
- 12. Example Paradigm Shifts • Computing everywhere • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical display • Microprocessor • WWW • Ubiquitous Computing
- 13. Time-Sharing • 1940s and 1950s – explosive technological growth • 1960s – need to channel the power • J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA financed several research centres in this regard • Consequences of these research efforts include the concept of time sharing • single computer supporting multiple users • True human-computer interaction was possible
- 14. Video Display Units • More suitable medium than paper or punch cards • First used in military applications • 1962 – Sutherland's Sketchpad • By changing something on the display screen, it was possible, via sketchpad, to change something in the computer’s memory. • computers for visualizing and manipulating data • Different representations of same data was possible • Computer was made to speak a more human language, rather human being forced to speak more like a computer
- 15. Programming toolkits • 1968 NLS/Augment system demonstration • Engelbart adopted a new method to develop very powerful interactive system with relatively impoverished technology of that time • the right programming toolkit provides building blocks to produce complex interactive systems • The power of programming toolkits is that small, well-understood components can be composed in fixed ways in order to create larger tools.
- 16. Metaphor • Relating computing to other real-world activity is effective teaching technique • LOGO's turtle dragging its tail • file management on an office desktop (First time used by Xerox Alto and Star) • financial analysis on spreadsheets • Keyboard use in word processor as a typewriter • virtual reality – user inside the metaphor • Problems • some tasks do not fit into a given metaphor • Scanning a file for viruses • cultural bias • It should not be assumed that a metaphor will apply across national boundaries(Owl example)
- 17. Direct Manipulation • Designers noted that their products were gaining popularity as their visual content increased • 1982 – Shneiderman coined this phrase. He described • visibility of objects • incremental action and rapid feedback • syntactic correctness of all actions • replace complex command languages with direct actions (hence the term “direct” manipulation) • In 1984 – First Macintosh personal computer demonstrated the inherent usability of direct manipulation.
- 18. Direct Manipulation • Direct manipulation for the desktop metaphor requires files and folders to be made visible representing underlying files and directories • The model-world metaphor • What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)
- 19. Hypertext • 1945 – Vannevar Bush and the memex • key to success in managing explosion of information • mid 1960s – Nelson describes hypertext as non-linear browsing structure • hypermedia and multimedia
- 20. Multimodality
- 21. Multimodality • Mode: a mode is a human communication channel e.g. Visual, audio or haptic (touch) • Multimodality means simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and output • A multi-modal interactive system is that which relies on the use of multiple human communication channels. • We can say that all interactive systems are multimodal because all use at least two human channels i.e. Visual and hepatic
- 22. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) • CSCW is collaboration of individuals via computer • Emerged with the advent of strong computer networks • CSCW removes bias of single user / single computer system
- 23. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) • Can no longer neglect the social aspects • Electronic mail is most prominent success • A metaphor of conventional mail system • An example of asynchronous CSCW system • CSCW systems built to support users working in groups are referred to as groupware (Ch 19)
- 24. The World Wide Web • Internet is simply a collection of computers linked together. WWW builds on top of it. • Hypertext, as originally realized, was a closed system • Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP), mark-up languages (e.g. HTML) and global naming scheme (URLs) made publishing and accessing easy conceive • First envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee. • First text based browser in 1991 • Several graphical browsers in 1993(Mosaic)
- 25. Agent-based Interfaces • Agent? • People who work on someone’s behalf e.g. estate agents, travel agents, secret agents etc. • Software agents? • Software which act on behalf of users within electronic world e.g. web crawlers which search the WWW for documents that user might find interesting, email spam filtering • Some agents use artificial intelligence techniques to learn, called intelligent agents. • E.g. Eager(performs repeated actions for the user) • Even some intelligent agents are there that don’t have a clear embodiment • Summing function of a Spreadsheet
- 26. Ubiquitous Computing • Based on the idea of moving human-computer interaction away from the desktop and out into out everyday lives. “The most profound technologies are those that disappear.” Mark Weiser, 1991 • Also called pervasive computing • Late 1980’s: computer was very apparent • How to make it disappear? • Shrink and embed/distribute it in the physical world • Design interactions that don’t demand our intention
- 27. Sensor-based and Context- aware Interaction • Embedment of computation even deeper, but unobtrusively, in our day-to-day life. • The user is totally unaware of the interaction taking place. • Information is gathered from sensors in Environment • Examples: Washbasin, automatic doors, lights turned on automatically • This information can be used to modify explicit interfaces, do things in background etc.
- 28. Sensor-based and Context-aware Interaction • Automatic sensing is an imperfect activity. So actions from these ‘intelligent predictions’ should be made with caution. • There are two principles of appropriate intelligence • Be right as often as possible, and useful when acting on these predictions • Do not cause extravagant problems in the event of an action resulting from a wrong prediction • The failure of must intelligent systems in past resulted from following the first principle, but not the second.
Editor's Notes
- #17: Morni ki chal, Shair ki dhar, Chand sa chehra…….