LECTURE ON ENGINEERING AND SPECIALITY.pptx

INTRODUCTIO
N TO
ENGINEERING
AIT- SCHOOL OF ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGIES, ENGINEERING &
SCIENCES (SATES)

LECTURE 2
 EXPLANATION OF ENGINEERING BRANCHES & SPECIALITIES OF ENG.
IMPORTANCE OF ENG.
1 2 3

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
 Students should
understand the
ENGINEERING
1
 Students should also
understand ENGINEERING
BRANCHES AND THEIR
SPECIALITIES
2
 Students should be
exposed to the
IMPORTANCE OF
ENGINEERING
3

SU
( INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING )
WHAT IS ENGINEERING
 The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning
“cleverness” and ingeniare, meaning “to contrive, devise”
 Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods,
and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction,
andmaintenance of structures, machines, materials,
devices, systems, processes, and organizations. The discipline of engineering
encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each
with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied
mathematics, applied science, and types of application.

SU
( INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING )
WHAT IS ENGINEERING
 The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) defines engineering
as “the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences
gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways
to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.”
 Embodied in that definition are certain fundamental elements that describe the
essence of engineering. Engineering is a profession. Like law, medicine,
architecture, teaching, and the ministry, it aspires to high standards of conduct and
recognizes responsibilities to clients, peers, and to society as a whole. It is based on
a special body of knowledge, and its members attain professional status through
well-defined avenues of education and training.

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( MAKING ENGINEERING POSSIBLE )
 The engineer’s knowledge must be tempered with professional judgment.
Solutions to engineering problems must satisfy conflicting requirements, and
the preferred optimum solution does not always result from a clear-cut
application of scientific principles or formulas. The engineer must weigh
conflicting constraints and make judgments based on knowledge and
experience, seeking a best or optimum solution.
 In seeking answers to problems, engineers utilize the materials and forces of
nature. There is an almost unlimited list of materials, both natural an
manufactured, that engineers can utilize to fashion their designs. They select
appropriate materials on the basis of availability, cost, and physical properties
(weight, strength, durability, elasticity, and so forth).

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 The engineer can access a much smaller list of sources of energy: petroleum,
coal, gas, nuclear fission, hydroelectric power, sunlight, and wind. These
sources vary widely in availability, cost, safety, and technological complexity.
 Engineers recognize that the earth’s supply of materials and energy is not
limitless, and they must be concerned not only with utilization of these
resources but also with their conservation. This involves recycling and reuse
of existing materials, rehabilitation instead of replacement of old facilities, and
the creative substitution of an abundant material for one that is in scarce
supply.
 It also involves seeking solutions that are energy efficient and exploring for
new sources of energy to replace those that are being depleted.

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 Engineers seek solutions that are economical. This implies that the benefits of
their solutions must exceed the costs. It further means that they must exercise
care in the management of money, time, materials, and other resources.

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( BRANCHES AND SPECIALISATIONS OF ENGINEERING )
 Engineering is a diverse profession. It is composed of several major branches
or fields of specialization and dozens of minor branches. Engineers have
created these branches in response to an ever-widening base of
technological knowledge. These are taken up in general order of decreasing
size of the discipline. It should be remembered that there is considerable
overlap among the various specialties. It is not uncommon for an engineer to
practice more than one specialty within a major branch during the course of
his or her career.

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( BRANCHES AND SPECIALISATIONS OF ENGINEERING ) CONT’D
CIVIL ENGINEERING

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CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work in, the
transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and sewerage systems
that are necessary to our health and well-being. Civil engineers:
1. Measure and map the earth’s surface.
2. Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings, dams, and
coastal structures.
3. Plan, lay out, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and airports.
4. Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.
5. Plan and build river regulation and flood control projects.
6. Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major
specialized areas of practice:
1. Structural engineering.
2. Construction engineering and management.
3. Transportation engineering.
4. Geotechnical engineering.
5. Hydraulic and water resources engineering.
6. Environmental engineering.
7. Geodetic engineering.

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 The largest specialty within civil engineering, STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, is
concerned with the design of large buildings, bridges, tanks, towers, dams, and other
large structures. These engineers design and components (e.g., beams, columns,
and slabs) and systems to provide adequate strength, stability, and durability.
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS are concerned with the planning and layout of
highways, airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. They plan
and design transportation terminals and devise and operate systems for the control
of vehicular traffic.
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS are concerned with the structural behavior of soil
and rock. They analyze earth support systems and design foundations, earth walls,
and highway and airport pavements.

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 HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS are concerned with
the flow of water through ditches, conduits, canals, dams, and estuaries. They
use their special knowledge of fluid mechanics to design dams, irrigation
systems, municipal water works, and drainage and erosion control systems.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS are concerned with solid waste
management, air and water pollution, and control of pesticides and
radiological hazards. They design and oversee the operation of water
treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants
in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams.

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 GEODETIC ENGINEERS measure and map the earth’s surface. They locate
precisely property and building lines and survey the locations, elevations, and
alignment of engineering projects.
 A large fraction of civil engineers work in the CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY,
building the facilities that other engineers and architects design. The task of
construction engineers is to utilize and manage the resources of construction
(the vehicles, equipment, machines, materials, and skilled workers) to
produce with timeliness and efficiency the structure or facility envisioned by
the designer.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 The largest of all engineering branches, electrical engineering is concerned
with electrical devices, currents, and systems. Electrical engineers work with
equipment ranging from heavy power generators to tiny computer chips. Their
work contributes to almost every sector of society: electrical appliances for
homes, electronic displays for business, lasers for industry, and satellite
systems for government and businesses.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
Electrical engineers usually work in one of six specialty areas:
1. Power generation and transmission.
2. Electronics.
3. Communications systems.
4. Instrumentation and measurement.
5. Automatic controls.
6. Computers.

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 Electrical engineers are responsible for the GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND
DISTRIBUTION of electric power. They locate hydroelectric, steam, diesel engine, and
nuclear power plants, and specify the engines, generators, and auxiliary equipment for these
plants.
 One of the most vibrant specialties in electrical engineering is the field of ELECTRONICS.
Generally speaking, this field deals with the emission, behavior, and effects of electrons.
Electronics engineers design efficient circuits using a variety of electric elements that can
produce, amplify, detect, or rectify electrical signals.
 ELECTRONICS has applications in communications, power, transportation, medicine, and
many other fields. With the advent of transistors, semiconductor diodes, integrated circuits,
and lasers, electronic technology has changed dramatically in recent years. These and other
advances provide even greater opportunities for rewarding work for electrical engineers in the
field of electronics.

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 Electrical engineers have made and continue to make significant contributions to the field
of COMMUNICATIONS. They use their knowledge of wave propagation, electromagnetic
theory, and electronic principles to design radio, telephone, television, and satellite
communication systems. Approximately 7 percent of electrical engineers work in the
communications specialty.
 Another small but important specialty area in electrical engineering is
INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT. Engineers in this specialty are concerned
with the use of electronics to make measurements needed for research, development,
and operation. They have devised electronic instruments to measure a wide variety of
properties and quantities such as temperature, speed, pressure, and flow rate. These
instruments have broad applications in business and industry and contribute in many
ways to public health and safety.

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 Increasingly, electronic engineers are employing the concept of feedback CONTROL TO
AUTOMATIC OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES. Such systems compare a measured
quantity (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.) to a desired standard and automatically make
appropriate adjustments to the mechanism or system to minimize any difference between
the measured and the desired quantity or property.
 Electrical engineers apply electrical and mechanical principles to design and
construct electronic computers. They perform research in computer circuitry,
develop new methods of data processing and storage, and seek new ways to
apply computers to various types of data-processing problems.

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COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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COMPUTER ENGINEERING
 Computer engineering is the field of engineering responsible for the design
and implementation of digital systems and the integration of computer
technology into an increasing number of systems and applications. It is a
relatively new and rapidly growing engineering discipline with extraordinary
challenges and opportunities. Since the invention of the transistor in 1947,
technological advances in computer engineering have been astounding.

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COMPUTER ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
You may find that computer engineering specializations overlap with those offered in computer
science degrees, for example with subjects such as computer graphics and network security.
However, specialized subjects generally unique to computer engineering include
MICROPROCESSOR/MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS, COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
AND VHDL (HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE) design.
 This rapid improvement in computer technology has challenged computer engineers: (1) to
invent hardware and SOFTWARE DESIGN, and the tools to develop these integrated circuit
chips and (2) to imagine, design, and verify systems containing these chips.
 Rapid advances in computer technology, resulting in ever smaller, less costly, high-
performance computers, have resulted in a vast number of applications containing embedded
computers as elements. These range from highly complex communications systems to
biomedical imaging devices, sophisticated consumer products, and household appliances.

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 One of the oldest and broadest areas of engineering activity, mechanical
engineering, is concerned with machinery, power, and manufacturing or
production methods. Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine
tools—the machines that make machines—and machinery and equipment for
all branches of industry. For example, they design turbines; printing presses;
earth-moving machinery; food processors; air conditioning and refrigeration
systems; artificial hearts and limbs; and engines for aircraft, diesel
locomotives, automobiles and trucks, and public transportation vehicles. Their
machines move and lift loads, transport people and goods, and produce
energy and convert it to other forms.

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
This is a very broad subject, which overlaps with lots of other types of
engineering. However, the most common specializations of mechanical
engineering include MANUFACTURING, TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS,COMBUSTION, NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ROBOTICS.
MECHATRONICS engineering may also be of interest; this combines
mechanical and electronic engineering with areas such as computer and
control engineering.

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
 Chemical engineering involves the application of chemistry, physics, and
engineering to the design and operation of plants for the production of
materials that undergo chemical changes during their manufacture. Such
materials include various chemicals, such as paints, lubricants, fertilizers,
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, petroleum products, foods, metals, plastics,
ceramics, and glass.
 In these and other industries, chemical engineers are responsible for creating
systems for producing large quantities of materials that chemists make in
small quantities in the laboratory. Chemical engineers select appropriate
processes and arrange them in proper sequence to produce the desired
product.

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SPECIALISATIONS
If you choose to study chemical engineering, you may like to specialize in
CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING, PLANT DESIGN, PROCESS
ENGINEERING, PROCESS DESIGN OR TRANSPORT PHENOMENA.

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INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

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INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
 Industrial engineers are concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of
integrated systems of people, materials, and energy in the production of either goods or
services. They engineer processes and systems that improve quality and productivity. They
are primarily interested in problems that involve economy in the use of money, materials,
time, human effort, and energy. They are more concerned with the “big picture” of industrial
management and production than with the detailed development of processes.
 Most of the activities of industrial engineers fall into one of four categories:
• Those related to plant layout.
• Those designed to increase worker productivity.
• Those designed to control the quality of products.
• Those designed to reduce and control costs.

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INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT: This is another broad area, but types of engineering
management that you may like to specialize in include: engineering mathematics,
management science, operations management, decision engineering, business statistics and
engineering statistics.
PRODUCTIONS & MANUFACTURING: They employ quality control techniques to reduce
waste and customer complaints. They use statistical procedures to establish reasonable
tolerances in quality and develop procedures for making routine checks of product quality. In
all of their work, industrial engineers must carefully monitor costs of production and seek
ways to reduce costs without compromising product quality.
Although most industrial engineers are employed by manufacturing industries, they may also be
found working in other settings such as in hospitals; airlines; railroads; retail businesses; and
municipal, state, and federal government agencies.

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AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

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AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
 Aerospace engineering is concerned with all aspects of vehicular flight at all speeds and
altitudes. It covers all phases of research, design, and development in this broad area that
includes hovercraft designed to operate a few feet above land and water, helicopters that
hover and maneuver in all directions, a variety of conventional airplanes, and complex
spacecraft for orbiting the earth and exploring the solar system. The term aeronautical
engineering is used to refer to the engineering of atmospheric flight, while astronautical
engineering deals with space flight.

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AEROSPACE ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
Aerospace engineers commonly work in one of several specialty areas such as aerodynamics,
structural design, propulsion systems, and guidance and control.
 AERODYNAMICS involves the efficient design of external surfaces of aerospace vehicles.
Aerodynamics engineers supervise the performance of wind tunnel tests; measure and
predict the forces of lift and drag; and develop and test theories of flight performance, stability,
and control.
 In aerospace engineering, STRUCTURAL DESIGNERS seek to design and build aircraft
systems that can be operated economically. This usually translates into maximizing the
vehicle strength-to-weight ratio. They also study the response of aircraft structures to
mechanical vibrations and other dynamic forces and design structures capable of
withstanding these forces.

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AEROSPACE ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
 Aerospace engineers develop and refine PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR
AIRCRAFT AND SPACECRAFT. The thrust for all of the many propulsion
systems for aerospace craft is produced by accelerating a fluid rearward. In
the case of the turbojet, burning fuel produces hot gas that is expanded
further by a jet nozzle, providing the thrust. In other systems such as
helicopters and small, low-speed aircraft, the propulsion is provided by a
propeller driven by an engine that develops its power by compressing,
burning, and expanding its fuel.
 In the GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SPECIALTY, engineers develop
instruments for conventional aircraft that provide information directly to a pilot
or automatically navigate, maneuver, or control the aircraft.

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MATERIALS ENGINEERING

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MATERIALS ENGINEERING
 The term materials engineering refers in a general way to a group of
engineering specialties that are concerned with the development, production,
fabrication, and use of materials in specific technologies.

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MATERIALS ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES
 METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING, which is concerned with the production of metals from
ores and the development of metallic alloys.
 MINING ENGINEERING, which encompasses the exploration, location, development, and
operation of mines for extracting coal, metallic ores such as copper and zinc, and other
minerals.
 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING, which is concerned with the exploration, extraction, storage,
and transportation of crude petroleum and natural gas.
 PLASTICS ENGINEERING, which involves the formulation, manufacture, and applications of
materials (e.g., polymers) that permanently deform under stress.
 CERAMIC ENGINEERING, which deals with products manufactured or used at high
temperatures (above 1000°F) and the physical and chemical processes used in their
manufacture.

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OTHER BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING
 In the preceding paragraphs, some of the more prominent branches of engineering have
been described. There are many more engineering specialties, but space limitations
preclude a detailed description of these disciplines. Brief descriptions of some of these
specialties follow.
• Architectural engineers work closely with architects to plan, design, and build large
structures.
• Oceanographic engineers work with scientists to explore and study the oceans and to
develop ways to utilize them for human benefit.
• Operations researchers and systems engineers apply advanced mathematical and
computer-based techniques such as linear programming, queuing theory, and simulation
to quantitatively predict the behavior of large systems.

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OTHER BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING
 Nuclear engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to the design,
development, and use of nuclear power systems.
• Textile engineers are concerned with the planning, design, and operation of
manufacturing plants in the textiles industry.
• Agricultural engineers apply engineering principles, machines, materials,
and energy to the production and processing of food products.

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IMPACT OF ENGINEERING ON LIVES
 Are you aware of the extent of the impact engineering has made on our society as a whole? In fact,
engineers have completely changed the world we live in, from modern homes, bridges, space travel,
cars and the latest mobile technology. Innovative ideas are at the heart of what engineers do, and they
use their knowledge to create new and exciting prospects and solve any problems that may arise.
Health
 The health industry has hugely benefitted from engineering. Advances in medical technology is solely
down to engineers, and without it doctors would not be able to treat patients the way they do today; with
fantastic success rates. Engineering has essentially allowed us to understand the medical issues in
today’s society.
Technology
 Engineers are the reason for the phenomenal growth in technology of every generation. Just think about
what the technological advances that are in our everyday lives; not only can we access the world with
our fingertips, engineers have also allowed us to build satellites and machines that help us to
understand the world we live and shape our lives on a daily basis.

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Communication
 Whilst on the subject of technology, the way we communicate has also vastly improved due to
engineering. We can now get in touch with people at any time of the day in any part of the
world. This has greatly improved the way we do business and how we talk to our friends,
family and strangers on a daily basis.
Development
 Steam engines, jet engines and aeroplanes are all down to hard work from engineers, and it
has allowed businesses to work smarter and faster than ever before. Improvements to travel
have changed the way humans connect with one another, opening trades for business and
allowing us to literally travel to the other side of the planet in a mere 24 hours.

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Space
 Visiting Space may have been a mere dream in the past, but not anymore. The International Space
Station is the largest and most complex science undertaking ever. It allows scientists, analysts and
engineers from all over the planet to come together and conduct research that cannot be done
elsewhere, finding answers to queries that have been unquestioned for years.
Transportation
 Advancement in technology has improved our transportation mediums. Earlier, it was about
sea voyages but now in every developing country, air travel has become a major
transportation method. Similarly, with increase in population, overhead transportation
channels like flyover bridges and metro rail services have been constructed to dilute traffic
and maintain an orderly traffic system. Globalization has also helped to improve
transportation systems across the world. We can now see metro rails running in major cities
of the world. Recently, China successfully installed a rail line near Indo-Tibet border which
has become the highest railway line in the world.

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RESENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENTS

REFERENCES BOOKS
Engineering in Perspective by Tony Ridley ( Imperial College London, UK)
Engineering in Perspective , Lessons for Successful career, Tony Ridley, ( 8th Edition )
Engineering to Engineering Design, 5 th Edition, by James W. Delly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btGYcizV0iI

LECTURE ON ENGINEERING AND SPECIALITY.pptx

LECTURE ON ENGINEERING AND SPECIALITY.pptx

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LECTURE ON ENGINEERING AND SPECIALITY.pptx